PRESIDENCY COLLEGE - PowerPoint Presentation

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PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Environmental & Ecological BalanceSlide2

The environment refers to natural things around us which sustain our life, such as the atmosphere of the earth, fresh and healthy air and drinkable water etc.

To define environment we may say that it is an outer physical and biological system in which man and other organisms exist with many interacting components

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The most recognized among these components include the rocks, minerals, soils and waters, the land and its present and potential vegetation, the animal life and potential for livestock husbandry and the climate etc.

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GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONAccording to

UNESCO, the guiding principles of environmental education should be as follows:(a) Environmental education should be compulsory, right from the primary up to the post graduate stage.(b) Environmental education should have an interdisciplinary

approach by including physical, chemical, biological as well as socio-cultural aspects of the environment. It should build a bridge between biology and technology.

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(c) Environmental education should take into account the historical perspective

, the current and the potential historical issues.(d) Environmental education should emphasize the importance of sustainable development i.e., economic development without degrading the environment.

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(e) Environmental education should emphasize the necessity of seeking international cooperation

in environmental planning.(f) Environmental education should lay more stress on practical activities and first hand experiences.

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CONCEPT OF AN ECOSYSTEMAn ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller organisms that live, feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment.

For example, many bird species nest in one place and feed in a completely different area.Ecosystem is result of an active interaction between living and non-living components. Ecosystem is where community of plants, animals and their environment function as a whole and relationship between organism and environment thrives blissfully.

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Natural Ecosystem

These systems operate themselves under natural conditions and can be further be divided as .(a) Terrestrial Ecosystem: It includes grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem , desert ecosystem etc.(b) Aquatic Ecosystem: It includes freshwater ecosystem (pond ecosystem) and marine ecosystem (sea, estuaries and sea shores). Fresh water ecosystem may besub-divided into

lotic

or running water ecosystems such as rivers, streams, spring etc. and

lentic

or standing water ecosystems such as pond, lakes, swamp etc.

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2. Man Engineered EcosystemArtificial ecosystems are maintained by man himself through planned manipulations.

For example, man tries to control the biotic community and physicochemical environment such as cropland, garden etc. (terrestrial ecosystem) and aquarium, dams etc (aquatic ecosystem).

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STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM1.

Abiotic components The non-living environment an ecosystem is known as abiotic component. These include climatic factors (such as temperature, light, soil, wind etc), inorganic components (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, water etc.) and organic components (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids).

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2. Biotic components The living organisms of an ecosystem are known as its biotic components, which include plants, animals and microorganisms. The organisms are of three types:

(a) Producers: Producers of an ecosystem may be defined as those individuals, which depend directly on the abiotic component for their survival and production of nutrients. Examples for the producers are the green plants, algae and bacteria. Since the producers synthesize their own food they are also called autotrophs

. The process of food synthesis by the producers is called autotrophic or .self-nourishing..

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(b) Consumers: The living components of the ecosystem, which depend on producers

for their nutrition are called consumers. All the animals and certain plants are included under this category. There are different types of consumers. These are as follows:(i) Primary consumers: All the herbivorous animals like rodents, cow, elephants, deer, goats etc. which directly consume the plants are called primary consumers. Among the aquatic animals, certain kinds of fish, crustaceans, mollusks etc. which survive on

phytoplanktons

, are also primary consumers. According to Elton (1939),

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herbivorous animals are key industry animals, because all other animal life is dependent on these primary consumers.

(ii) Secondary consumers: Carnivorous and omnivorous animals belong to this category. These animals predate on herbivorous animals. Omnivorous animals eat herbivorous animals and as well as plants. Sparrow, Crow, Fox, Cat, dog, Snake etc., belong to this category.

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(iii) Tertiary consumers: They are strictly carnivorous animals that prey upon

carnivores, herbivores and omnivorous organisms. Lions, Tigers, Vultures, eagle etc., are regarded as tertiary consumers.

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(c) Decomposers: They act upon the dead bodies of plants and animals and decompose them to their elemental stage. The producers use these nutrients for their existence and photosynthetic activity. The decomposers occupy a

pivotal place in the ecosystem as they indirectly support the producers. These are also called transformers as they transform organic compounds into inorganic or simple compounds. Saprophytic fungi, bacteria earthworms, millipede etc. belong to this category.

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The consumers and decomposers do not possess cholorophyll

, hence cannot manufacture their own food. They feed on the other alive or dead organisms. Such organisms are described as heterotrophic, meaning .other nourishing.. All animals, birds, human beings, bacteria and fungi are called as heterotrophs

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FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEMEcosystem function is the technical term used in the Framework to define the biological, geochemical and physical processes and components that take place or occur within an ecosystem. Or more simply put,

ecosystem functions relate to the structural components of an ecosystem (e.g. vegetation, water, soil, atmosphere and biota) and how they interact with each other, within ecosystems and across ecosystems. Sometimes, ecosystem functions are called ecological processes.

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Maintaining ecosystem function is important to maintaining the capacity of the region to supply ecosystem services. In the Framework, ecosystem functions are

recognized as important for maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity (the diversity of genes, species and ecosystems) for their own sake. As well, they may provide contributions to goods and services (ecosystem services) that people value. People value ecosystem services in terms of the benefits they provide to their life.

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For example, the ecosystem function pollination is critical to the reproduction of most wild plants.

As well, this ecosystem function provides direct contributions to our agricultural sector by pollinating food crops. Our ability to grow food crops, are of value to people because they physically sustain us (contribute to nutrition) and allow us to choose our own lifestyle (social and economic freedom).

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NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL BALANCE1.

'sustainable development'.2. The requirements of the present generation in terms of economic growth and community development (to provide for basic needs like food, water, shelter, education, etc) are met without compromising on environmental protection.

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3. Species in an ecosystem each have a role in keeping the ecosystem running smoothly.

For example, predators keep the population of mice under control, insects pollinate flowers, and worms decompose leaf litter. All species are important and help keep the ecosystem balanced.4. Ecological balance is a term describing how ecosystems are organized in a state of stability where species coexist with other species and with their environment.

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Process of Ecological Succession

Invasion: Successful establishment of species in bare area is called invasion.2. Competition: It occurs when there is inadequate availability of space, food, light, water etc.3. Reaction: It is the change brought about by the colonizers in the habitat. Due to reaction of early colonizers it becomes unsuitable for existing community and thus gets replaced by other community.

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4. Stabilization: A stage when final community becomes stabilized for a longer period. The final community is called climax community and stage is called climax stage.

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Types of Ecological SuccessionThere are four kind of ecological succession:

1. Primary ecological succession: It starts from sterile region like newly exposed rock, sand, which previously had been unoccupied by a community called primary succession. Example, the development of a community on a rock.2. Secondary ecological succession: When community development starts on sites previously occupied by well-developed communities, the succession is called secondary succession.

Example, the development of communities in cut over

forests.

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3. Autogenic succession: Generally, in a locality few pioneers will exist and soon gives rise to other community and again replaced by others until stable community is established.

This type of development of vegetation, which is formed as a result of reaction in the environment, is called autogenic succession.4. Allogenic succession: In some cases habitat is changed by external factors such as, gradual change in climate, filling up of lake by silt, increase in concentration of solutes etc.

This may result in replacement of community. This type of succession is known as

allogenic

succession.

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FOOD CHAINExample of a food chain is as shown below:

Terrestrial ecosystem: Plants --- Giraffe --- LionAquatic ecosystem: Algae -- Protests -- squid -- seal -- orcaHumans are generally primary and secondary consumers, representing usually second and third trophic levels. Most humans are omnivore, which means they consume both plants and animals.

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Food chain is of three types namely, predator food chain, parasitic food chain and detritus food chain.

(i) Predator food chain is also called the grazing food chain. It starts with the green plants, goes to grazing herbivores (primary consumers) and to carnivores (secondary or tertiary consumers).Example: Plants --- Giraffe --- LionExample: Tree --- Birds --- Ticks --- Bacteria

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(ii) Parasitic food chain also starts with a green plant base.

However food energy passes into smaller organisms called parasities that live at the expense of the larger organism (host).Example: Tree --- Birds --- Ticks --- Bacteria(iii) Detritus food chain is also called the saprophytic food chain starts with the detritus or decaying organic matter of plant and animal bodies.

The food energy is transferred to the

detritivores

(earthworms, millipedes) and saprophytes, which are mostly microorganisms.

Example: Organic matter --- Earthworm --- Microorganisms

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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDSEcological pyramids represent the basic laws of energy.

The first law of thermodynamics states that the amount of energy remains constant.The second law states .useful energy decreases at each conversion. Therefore, ecological pyramids represent the transfer of energy from one level to another. The laws of thermodynamics ensure that pyramid of energy to be a true pyramid. There are three types of

ecological pyramids: pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy.

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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS The number of

organisms, their biomass and energy transfer from one trophic level to another in an ecosystem can be quantitatively represented. The graphical representation of this trophic structure takes the form of a pyramid on a triangle shape and is called ecological pyramid. The producers form the broad base and the top carnivores occupy the narrow apex. This concept was first suggested by British ecologist

Charles Elton

in the year 1927. Therefore, ecological pyramid is also called as the

Eltonian

pyramids.

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Ecological pyramids represent the basic laws of energy.

The first law of thermodynamics states that the amount of energy remains constant.The second law states useful energy decreases at each

conversion.

Therefore

, ecological pyramids represent the transfer of energy from one level to another.

There are three types of ecological pyramids:

pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy.

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Pyramid of Number The pyramid of number shows the

graphical representation of the number of individuals in different nutritional levels or the trophic level. For example, the plant insect- bird-hawk food chain can be represented as an ecological pyramid.

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Pyramid of Biomass This pyramid indicates the

total mass of the organisms in each trophic level. The size of the organism is over-emphasized and it can happen that the mass of level 2 is greater than that of level 1, because the productivity of level 1 is not taken into consideration. Thus an enormous mass of grass is required to support a smaller mass of buck, which in turn would support a smaller mass of lions.

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Pyramid of Energy The Energy pyramid indicates the

total amount of energy present in each trophic level. It also shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to the next. An energy pyramid shows clearly that the energy transfer from one

trophic

level to the next is accompanied by a decrease due to waste and the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy and heat energy.

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BIODIVERSITYBiodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.

This includes genetic diversity within and between species and of ecosystems.

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Thus, in essence, biodiversity represents all life

. India is one of the mega biodiversity centres in the world and has three of the world's biodiversity hotspots located in the Western Ghats and in the Eastern Himalayas and Indo Burma. The forest cover in these areas is very dense and diverse and of pristine beauty and incredible biodiversity.

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The Thar Desert and the Himalayas are two regions rich in biodiversity in India. There are 89 national parks and 504 wildlife sanctuaries in the country, the

Chilka Lake being one of them. This lake is also an important wetland area. Learn more through map on biodiversity in India.Trade in wildlife, such as rhino horn, has led to the extinction of species.

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To prevent such loss, the Government of India is setting up biosphere reserves in different parts of the country. These are multipurpose protected areas to preserve the genetic diversity in different ecosystems.

Till 1999, ten biosphere reserves had been set up, namely Nilgiri, Nandadevi, Nakrek, Great Nicobar, Gulf of Mannar

,

Manas

,

Sunderbans

,

Similipal

and

Dibru

Saikhowa

.

A number of NGOs are being involved in the

programme

to create awareness. But legal protection is provided only to national parks and sanctuaries, which cover about 4.5% of India’s land area.

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The term biological diversity was coined by Thomas Lovejoy

in 1980.Biodiversity was coined as a contraction of biological diversity in 1985, by the entomologist Edward O Wilson. E.O. Wilson defines biodiversity as, all hereditarily based variations at all levels of organization, from the genes within a single local population or species, to the species composing all or part of a local community and finally to the communities themselves that compose the living parts of the multifarious ecosystems of the world.

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In fact, biodiversity is now used sometimes to mean life or wilderness or other conservation values. Biodiversity is likely to be associated with the variety of different genes that can be expressed by organisms as potentially useful phenotypic traits or characters.

Genetic diversity as a basis for valuing both species diversity (for their relative richness in different genes) and ecosystem diversity (for the relative richness in the different processes to which the genes ultimately contribute).

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TYPES OF BIODIVERSITYThe diverse life forms can be measured at different levels such as genetic, species and ecosystem levels. All three interact and change over time and from place to place.

Genetic Diversity(b) Species Diversity(c) Ecosystem Diversity

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Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity refers to the variations between individuals of a species, where the characteristics pass down from parents to their offspring.

For example, in a family or among a group of people, no two will be exactly alike through they all belong to single species, Homo sapiens. These differences are due to genetic diversity, that is, the variety of genes within a species.Loss of genetic diversity can eventually result in the extinction of the population.

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Species Diversity Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of living things on Earth, such as bacteria, fungi, insects, mammals, plants and more.

A species can be defined as a group or population of similar organisms that reproduce by interbreeding within the group. Members of a species do not normally reproduce with members of any other species.Different species have different roles to play within ecosystems. To remain healthy, most ecosystems require thousands of different species making up their food webs.

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Ecosystem Diversity Ecosystem diversity refers to the great variety of ecosystems produced by the interaction of the living (plants, animals and microorganisms) and non-living surrounding environments (earth forms, soil, rocks and water).

There is a great degree of variety among species and habitats. These species do not exist in isolation, but have evolved over millions of years through constant interaction with the ecosystem. Ecosystems are therefore, the combination of communities of living things with the physical environment in which they live.

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There are many different kinds of ecosystems, from deserts to mountain slopes, the ocean floor to the Antarctic, with coral reefs and rainforests being amongst the richest of these systems. Each ecosystem provides many different kinds of habitats or living places. The living things and the non-living environment (earth forms, soil, rocks and water) interact constantly and in complex ways that change over time with no two ecosystems being the same. The elements in each ecosystem are connected to each other and the diversity exists amongst

Earth.s ecosystems. Maintaining this ecological diversity is important for the health of the plant.

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BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF INDIA

Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review, Wildlife Institute of India, 2000.

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Sl. no.Biogeographical zone

Biotic provinces1. Trans-Himalaya2. Himalaya

3. Desert

4. Semi-arid

Ladakh

mountains, Tibetan plate Northwest, west, Central and East Himalayas

Thar

, Kutch

Punjab plains, Gujarat

Rajputana

Biogeographic

zones and biotic provinces if India.

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5. Western Ghats

6. Deccan7.

Gangetic

plains

Malabar plains, Western Ghats

Central highlands,

Chotta

-Nagpur, Eastern Peninsula Highlands, Central plateau, Deccan South

Upper and Lower

Gangetic

plains

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8. Coast

9. North-East10. Islands

West and East coast, Lakshadweep

Brahmaputra valley, Northeast hills

Andaman and Nicobar

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VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY1. Consumptive use of Biodiversity

Biodiversity as food resource: Plants and animals from the food chains. Both plants and animals are the major source of nutrition to people.(b) Biodiversity as medicine:

Since

time immemorial

Rawvolfia

serpentina

, a threatened plant species found in Western Ghats s used to treat nervous disorders, dysentery, cholera, fever, as

tranquilliser

and to treat snake bites.

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(c) Domestication of Biodiversity: The first animals to be domesticated for such purposes were the bovines, horses, poultry and dogs.

(d) Extractive products: many industrial materials, such as fibres, resins, dyes, waxes, pesticides, lubricants and perfumes are derived from plant or animal sources.(e) Timber extraction:

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2. Productive use of biodiversity

(a) Pollination, seed dispersal etc: Theinsects, birds and mammals are involved in pollination and dispersing seed for farer distances.(b) Protection of water resources: Trees in the forests reduce erosion of topsoil and provide buffering action against extreme conditions, such as floods.

(c) Maintenance of soil quality: Vegetation help in soil formation. It adds

nutrien

(organic material as humus) to soil.

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(d) Nutrient cycling: Plants and microorganisms synthesize carbohydrates and

similar compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Some also capture atmospheric nitrogen, providing the basic building blocks for protein synthesis. Other organisms, which depend on these basic energy sources, participate in food chains that recycle the fixed carbon and other nutrients taken up by plants through biogeochemical cycles.

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(e) Breakdown of pollutants: Depollution

processes constitute a new field of application for biotechnology. Innumerable plants and microorganisms are capable of reproducing rapidly in polluted soil and degrade potentially toxic chemicals by a process known as phytodegradation or phytoremedation and rendering then harmless.

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3. Social use of biodiversity

Research, education and monitoring: Considerable collection of all types of animals occurs for scientific purposes, especially for taxonomic studies. Biodiversity significantly contributes to human art and literature.(b) Recreation: Ecotourism has been established and promoted for people spending time for recreation. People value such areas for a variety of recreational pursuits such as, film, photographs or literature based on wildlife, natural habitats and natural features, bird-watching etc.

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(c) Cultural values: In various parts of the world, plants and animals are omnipresent in scared rites and rituals.

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4. Ethical values Ethical value of biodiversity indicates the value and moral status of the biodiversity. Every life whether plant or animal have rights to existence on this planet.

5. Aeshetic values Throughout the world and human history, people have found biodiversity beautiful and stimulating. Various life forms are also important from the viewpoints of its aesthetic and recreational value for man.

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6. Option values The value of biodiversity lies in its option for the future. Option value measures the willingness to pay for the preservation of a natural asset with a view to anticipated benefits in the future.

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the 

world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

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THREAT TO BIODIVERSITYAccording to IUCN, 2000, the Red List of Threatened Animals has listed 44 plant species as critically endangered, 113 are endangered, and 87 vulnerable. Amongst animals, 18 are critically endangered, 54 are endangered and 143 are vulnerable.

Also, the marine biodiversity is facing threat, especially, the coral reefs from human activities as well as natural. India ranks second in terms of the number of threatened mammals and sixth in threatened birds species.

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The threat to biodiversity stems mainly from habitat loss, over-exploitation (poaching of wildlife), pollution and inappropriate introduction of foreign plants and animals. Construction of roads, major projects such as mining and construction of dams etc. grazing, agriculture, logging, urban and industrial development etc. are the main reasons for the loss of biodiversity. Global warming, acid rain, photochemical smog and climatic changes have significantly threatened the survival of biodiversity. Man-wildlife conflicts often cause threat to the biodiversity.

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I. Habitat LossThe most proximate causes of species extinction are habitat loss, globally affecting 89 percent of all threatened birds, 83 percent of mammals and 91 percent of all threatened plants. Habitat loss is characterized by the following three processes.

Habitat fragmentation: Habitat fragmentation refers to the reduction in habitat area to form small fragments as opposed to a large continuous stretch.2. Habitat alteration: The nature of habitat may change due to human activities.

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3. Habitat degradation: The human activities have degraded the habitats of the

biodiversity.II. Poaching of Wildlife Exploitation such as hunting, collecting, fisheries and are trade are a major threat to birds (37%), mammals (37%), plants (8%), reptiles and marine fishes.CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) has banned poaching and trading of products of endangered species to conserved the biodiversity.

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Man-wildlife conflicts Extending housing, agricultural activity, transportation and taking livestock for grazing into the forest areas has increased the risk of man-wildlife conflict

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CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITYIn other words, the conservation of biodiversity is dependent upon choices made in economic development issues at both national and international levels.

The conservation of biological diversity, its sustainable use and the equitable sharing of its benefits, are the fundamental objectives of the Conventions on Biodiversity.Conservation strategies are urgently needed, involving a mix of in situ and ex situ strategies.

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I. In situ Conservation In situ conservation, involves maintaining living organisms in their natural environment. Good management of the extent population in the wild is essential for their survival.

To conserve individual species, some effective approaches are:1. Enacting legal protection for the endangered species.2. Assign priority to protecting lines of evolution that are in danger of disappearing from the face of the Earth.

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3. Improving management plans to select, establish and manage protected areas, where special measures need to be taken to conserve biodiversity.

4. Establishing reserves to protect particular species or unique genetic resources.5. Prevent introduction of control or eradicate those alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species.6. Designate areas where biodiversity is highly endemic and at the same time at risk as hotspots., to conserve al the world’s species.The important point In situ conservation is that all forest trees, wild plants, wild to conserve and enrich the ecosystem, much can be achieved in a single step.

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II. Ex situ Conservation- Ex situ conservation, consists in preserving species outside their natural habitats. The living collections are found in botanical gardens and zoos, conservatories, public and private arboreta.

Botanic GardensBotanic gardens can help to protect many species, including those with recalcitrant seeds. Plants are grown in climate similar to the wild, either in the country of origin of the species, or in a country with a similar climate or in green houses.

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Zoological Parks Zoological parks that are often centered around spectacular species, such as, fish, snakes, birds, mammals etc. have similar missions and activities to those of botanical gardens.

III. Gene BankAn new approach for the conservation of flora and fauna is a gene bank and there are two types:1. Laboratory gene banks for conservation of sperm.2. Natural gene bank for conservation of endangered species.

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Some of the global strategies that we can begin to protect world’s biodiversity are:

1. Raising environmental consciousness through education and public cooperative efforts.2. Stimulating action through international cooperation and national planning.3. Creating an international policy environment that supports national biodiversity conservation.4. Changing in consumptive patterns for individuals in order to conserve natural resources can be promoted by three different mechanism: legal, economic and social.

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PREVENTION & PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES The Department of Environment was established in India in 1980 to ensure a healthy environment for the country. This later became the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985.

The constitutional provisions are backed by a number of laws . acts, rules and notifications. The EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and is considered an umbrella legislation as it fills many gaps in the existing laws.

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Thereafter a large number of laws came into existence as the problems began arising, for example, Handling and Management of Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989.

1986 - The Environment (Protection) Rules Standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants. 1989 - The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules To control the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage, and handling of hazardous waste.

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1995 - The National Environmental Tribunal Act Created to award compensation for damages to persons, property, and the environment arising from any activity involving hazardous substances.

1998 - The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules Legal binding on the health care institutions to streamline the process of proper handling of hospital waste.

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1999 - The Environment ( Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999

Lays down detailed provisions relating to areas to be avoided for siting of industries & precautionary measures to be taken for site selection. 2000 - The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Apply to every municipal authority responsible for the collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of municipal solid wastes.

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2000 - The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules have been laid down for the regulation of production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.

2002 - The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Lay down such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution. Such as use of loud speakers or public address systems during night hours (from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion

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2002 - The Biological Diversity Act

Is an act to provide for the sustainable use & conservation of biological diversity.

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Forest and wildlife 1927 - The Indian Forest Act and Amendment, 1984,

It was enacted to ‘consolidate the law related to forest, the transit of forest produce, and the duty leviable on timber and other forest produce’. 1972 - The Wildlife Protection Act, Rules 1973 and Amendment 1991 Provides for the protection of birds, animals and plants and for all matter connected there with.

1980 - The Forest (Conservation) Act and Rules, 1981, provides for the protection of and the conservation of the forests.

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Water1882 - The Easement Act

Allows private rights to use a resource that is, groundwater, by viewing it as an attachment to the land. It also states that all surface water belongs to the state and is a state property.1897 - The Indian Fisheries Act Establishes two sets of penal offences whereby the government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) with intent to catch or destroy any fish or poisonous fish in order to kill.

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1956 - The River Boards Act Enables the states to

enroll the central government in setting up an Advisory River Board to resolve issues in inter-state cooperation. 1970 - The Merchant Shipping Act Aims to deal with waste arising from ships along the coastal areas within a specified radius.

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1974 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act establishes an institutional structure for preventing and abating water pollution.

It establishes standards for water quality and effluent. The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted under this act. 1977 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act

Provides for the levy and collection of fees on water consuming industries and local authorities

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1991 - The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification

Puts regulations on various activities, including construction. It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuariesAir1948 – The Factories Act and Amendment in 1987 First to express concern for the working environment of the workers

1981 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

Enacted under article 253 of the Indian constitution.

Provides for the control and abatement of air pollution.

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1982 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules Defines the procedures of the meetings of the Boards and the powers entrusted to them.

1982 - The Atomic Energy Act Deals with the radioactive waste.1987 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act Empowers the central and state pollution control boards to meet with grave emergencies of air pollution.

1988 - The Motor Vehicles Act

States that all hazardous waste is to be properly packaged, labelled , and transported.

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137 Parties have ratified of 197 Parties to the Convention

On 5 October 2016, the threshold for entry into force of the Paris Agreement was achieved. The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1) took place in Marrakech, Morocco from 15-18 November 2016. 

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The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, thirty days after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55 % of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Depositary.

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United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)Stockholm, Sweden 

June 5-16, 1972Report of the United Nations Conference on Human EnvironmentThe United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (also known as the Stockholm Conference) was an international conference convened under United Nations auspices held in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5-16, 1972. It was the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, and marked a turning point in the development of international environmental 

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World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)Established by General Assembly resolution 

38/161 of 19 December 1983Prepared a report for General Assembly in 1987Based on a four-year studyTransmitted by Entitled Our Common Future

, also known as the 

Brundtland

report

Developed the theme of 

sustainable development

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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992)Convened by General Assembly resolution 

44/228 of 20 December 1988Held in Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992Known at the time as the Earth SummitLater came to be called the 

Rio Conference

Led to the establishment of the Commission on Sustainable Development

Outcome document in 3 volumes: 

A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1

Vol.I

 + 

Corr.1

: Resolutions adopted by the Conference

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Vol.II: Proceedings of the Conference

Vol.III + Corr.1: Statements made by Heads of State or Government at the summit segment of the ConferenceThree major agreements adopted (found in Vol.I + 

Corr.1

):

Rio Declaration

 on Environment and Development, a series of principles defining the rights and responsibilities of States

Agenda 21

, a global plan of action to promote sustainable development

Statement of Forest Principles, a set of principles to underpin the sustainable management of forests worldwide

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Two multilateral treaties were opened for signature:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Convention on Biological DiversityCalled for several major initiatives in other key areas of sustainable development, such as, a global conference on Small Island Developing States; negotiations began for a Convention to Combat Desertification, and for an agreement on highly migratory and straddling fish stocks.

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