Chapter 22 Essential Questions How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict How have changes during Reconstruction made a lasting impact on America Which changes of the Civil War and Reconstruction era were short lived and which have had a lasting impact ID: 382561
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Reconstruction" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Reconstruction
Chapter
22Slide2
Essential Questions?
How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?
How have changes during Reconstruction made a lasting impact on America?
Which changes of the Civil War and Reconstruction era were short lived and which have had a lasting impact?
To what extent have the issues surrounding the Civil War yet to be resolved?Slide3
Abraham Lincoln
,
Second Inaugural Address, Mar. 4, 1865
16th president of US (1809 - 1865)
With malice toward none, with charity for all, ...let us strive on to finish the work we are in, ...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. Slide4
Questions to Ponder?
How would the South, physically devastated by war and socially revolutionized by emancipation, be rebuilt?
How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women?
How would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union?
Who would direct Reconstruction – the Southern states themselves, the president, or Congress?Slide5
A Peace Worth Having?
Confederate leaders captured
Jeff Davis: 2 years in prison, never tried
Most leaders were pardoned by President Johnson
Southern cities, transportation, and agriculture destroyed.
Slave labor system gone, along with $2 billion worth of slaves.
Southern belief in the “lost cause” of the Civil WarSlide6
Freedmen
Emancipation not instant, slow process.
Many freedmen remained loyal to former owners, began to
sharecrop and tenant farm.
Others sought revenge for years of bondage
New liberties
Change of name
Travelled
Search for relatives
Officially get married
Move west (
Exodusters
)
Change religious affiliation
Sought educationSlide7
Freedmen’s Bureau
Former slaves were often unskilled, uneducated, property-less, and broke.
Congress created the FB as an early form of welfare.
Taught literacy
Feed and clothed
Basic healthcare
1865 to 1872
Often plagued by corrupt officials who swindled freedmen out of money and property
Hated by southern whitesSlide8
Andrew Johnson
Born in NC, orphaned
Never went to school, apprenticed with a tailor
Champion for poor whites and the Constitution
Southerner that did not secede; Lincoln picks him to balance the ticket on 1864.
Not trusted by North or South, Democrats or RepublicansSlide9
Johnson Administration Timeline
1865
Johnson becomes 17
th
president
Freedmen’s Bureau established
Black Codes appear
13
th
Amendment ratified
1866
Override of Civil Rights Bill veto
14
th
Amendment created
1867
Reconstruction Act
Tenure of Office Act
US buys Alaska
1868
Johnson impeachedSlide10
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan: stats readmitted when
10%
pledge allegiance to US and emancipation.
Johnson follows 10% Plan and disenfranchised Confederate leaders.
Leaders asked Johnson for pardons.Slide11
Black Codes
Under Presidential Recon, many states sought to force freedmen back into a subservient status.
Laws passed that kept AA from voting, juries
Forced many to work or be punished
Sharecropping:
with no capital to buy and run their own farms, many AA went into debt working for former slave owners.
AA would work a portion of a farm and “share” the profit with the landlord.Slide12
Congressional Reconstruction
Also known as Radical Reconstruction
50% of state population
New state constitutions
Wade-Davis Bill
: vetoed by Lincoln
Much harsher on South
Congress and the president had very different views
During the war, Republicans controlled Congress
Radical Republican leaders feared the re-admittance of the Democrat-South.Slide13
Radical Republicans
Charles Sumner
Thaddeus StevensSlide14
Johnson v Congress
Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866.
Congress overrides both
!
1866 Republicans get 2/3
rd
majority in Congress
14
th
Amendment
Created to fight black codes
Equal protection to all citizens
Disqualified Confederate officials from voting.Slide15
Military Reconstruction
RR wanted to punish South for War and Black Codes
Reconstruction Act:
1867, allowed military to govern South by martial law.
States now only readmitted when they elected Republican leaders, ratified 14
th
, allowed AA the vote.
South resents measures! Slide16
Military ReconstructionSlide17
Military Reconstruction
Ex parte Milligan
: 1866, Supreme Court rules that military can’t try civilians during peace.
Makes Military Reconstruction
somewhat
unconstitutional.
When military is removed (1877) the South goes back to its old ways.
Solid South
: From 1877 to 1970 South always votes Democrat – result of Reconstruction.Slide18
“The Negro’s Hour”, Not Women
Women played a huge role in abolition.
With the 14
th
and 15th
Amendments, women hoped to be included in citizenship, but weren’t.
Women tried using the 14
th
Amendment as the basis for court cases, but failed.Slide19
Politics During Military Reconstruction
Southern AA seized opportunity
Organized churches and schools
Elected to office: State legislatures, US House, and US Senate.
Often helped by northerners that came south (
Carpetbaggers)
and Southern Republicans (
Scalawags
).
Inexperience often lead to corruption, which was common everywhere throughout the Gilded Age.Slide20Slide21
Ku Klux Klan
Group that attempted to disenfranchise and intimidate AA from voting and other rights.
Terrorist group often beat and murdered to make example in AA communities.
Many AA did avoid exercising rights out of fear.
Military in South often overlooked (corruption)!Slide22
KKKSlide23
Congress Goes After a President
Tenure of Office Act:
1867, provided that the pres. Couldn’t fire cabinet members without Congressional approval.
Not really constitutional!
Meant to protect Lincoln’s cabinet members that Johnson hated.
Johnson fires Sec. of War to test act.
House votes to impeach Johnson.
1
st
time ever for presidential impeachment (2
nd
in 1998, Clinton)Slide24
President on Trial
Tensions ran high as Senate held impeachment trial.
Johnson remained in office by 1 vote!
Could have set a dangerous precedent and upset the checks and balances for future times.
Showed the maturity of our government (sort-of)Slide25
The Purchase of Alaska
1867: Russia wants to sell Alaska.
Secretary of State William Seward buys for $7.2 million.
Public outraged over waste of $ (
Seward’s Folly)
Later proved to be highly rich in resources (fur, gold, timber, oil, natural gas)Slide26
Heritage of Reconstruction
Some considered it worse than the war.
For southern whites it seemed the north was forcing AA equality and the Republican Party upon them.
AA rights in the south would not last once the military was withdrawn.
Also, Republican support in the south vanishes after Reconstruction.
Reconstruction will officially end in 1877 (next chapter), but AA rights and the Republican party will not return to the South
for another 90 years!