Change AP Comparative Government Political and Economic Change China and Russia are similar in that they have had long periods of peace followed by great upheaval During the 20 th century ID: 434925
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Slide1
China: Political and Economic Change
AP Comparative GovernmentSlide2
Political and Economic Change
China and Russia are similar in that they have had long periods of peace followed by great upheaval
During the 20
th
century,
both governments had to deal with complete regime
changes
China though, has had
hegemonic
power for centuries, where that type of dominance was elusive for Russia throughout much of its history
Under
dynastic
rule,
families would rise to power
with a belief in the
mandate of heaven
When
rulers
lost power and
influence,
another family would establish
their own
power
This
system was
interrupted by the rule of the Mongols, but was
reestablished, and lasted, for hundreds of years after Mongol rule
Change
in the early 20
th
century was
radical,
violent, and
chaotic,
which resulted in
the establishment of communismSlide3
Change Before 1949
The
long term stability of Chinese government
had many challenges to overcome. These included:
Control by Imperialistic Nations:
In the 19
th
century,
the Qing Dynasty fell to imperialistic
nations
England
, Germany, France, and Japan carved China into
“spheres of influence”
for their own economic
gain
China
eventually rebelled against this imperialistic intrusion and cast those countries out of
China
This period in Chinese history led to a distrust of
“foreign devils”
Revolutionary
Upheavals:
Between 1911 and
1949,
there were many revolutions in China. Three themes dominated this revolutionary ear
Nationalism:
The Chinese wished to recapture strength and power from the imperialistic nations that dominated them during the 19
th
century. The Revolution of 1911 helped reestablish the country as independent
Establishing a new political community:
Multiple
ideologies regarding how to run the government surfaced during the revolutionary period. One
ideology came from
Chiang
Kai-shek
who
found the
Nationalist party
and one
ideology came from
Mao Zedong
, who founded the Chinese Communist Party.
Socioeconomic development:
When Chiang Kai-shek became president, he broke away from the Soviet model for policymaking. This pushed Mao, who sided with the Soviets, into exile. This exile pushed Mao into form forming an outlaw communist party. Slide4
Long March
Chiang and his supporters then tried to destroy Mao and the Communist Party
Mao and his party were chased across the country between 1934 and 1936.
Chiang was unable to destroy the party and had to turn his attention to the invading
Japanese
Mao became a hero of the people. Many of these loyal friends became prominent leaders of the People’s Republic of China.Slide5
People’s Republic of China 1949-1966
After WWII, the Japanese occupation of China ended and Mao defeated Chiang in
a civil
war
In
1949,
Mao established the People’s Republic of China under communist
rule
Mao’s government wasn’t officially recognized until 1972
Chiang had setup a headquarters in Taiwan claimed that his headquarters was the true government of China
This led foreign nations to deal with
“Two Chinas”
The development of the PRC proceeded in two phases:
1) The Soviet Model:
The Soviet Union fully supported Mao and with his victory started pouring money and
communist expertise
into the PRC. Mao then formed the Chinese Communist Party and set about reforming portions of the country
Land Reform:
This campaign redistributed property from the rich to the poor and increased productivity in the countryside
Civil Reform:
Women’s rights were enhanced and drug control was increased.
Five-Year Plans-
1953
and 1957 the CCP launched the first soviet-style Five Year Plans to nationalize industry and collectivize agriculture, implementing steps toward socialismSlide6
People’s Republic of China 1949-1966
2) The Great Leap Forward:
This movement
was characterized
by Mao’s desire to separate from the Soviet Union. He was also trying to implement more equality in Chinese
society than existed in Soviet Russia.
All-around development:
This was an emphasis on industry and agriculture
Mass mobilization:
T
his was an
effort to turn the
Chinese population
into an assets
by encouraging
better motivation, harder work, and less unemployment
Political unanimity and zeal:
This was an
emphasis on party workers running
the
government
, not
the bureaucrats
Cadres:
P
arty
works at the lowest levels, were expected to demonstrate their party devotion by spurring
their fellow works
on to work as hard as they could
Decentralization:
This encouraged
more government on the local
level, and less central control. It was supposed to emphasize the power of the people
This movement was not successful as Mao ran into issues with the bureaucratic centralism of China and due to the lack of
skilled workersSlide7
The Cultural Revolution
1966-1976
Between 1960 and 1966 Mao allowed Liu
Shaoqi
and Deng Xiaoping to implement market-oriented policies
These policies helped bolster the Chinese economy
These policies did not go far enough for
Mao,
so he instituted
what was referred to as a
Cultural Revolution
in order to
promote economic and social change
The principles of these changes were:
The ethic of struggle
Mass line
Collectivism
Egalitarianism
Unstinting service to society
The goal of this cultural revolution was to get rid of the ideas of old China.
Scholars were sent into the fields to work, and universities and libraries were destroyed
It was believed that all
the education someone needed was to be able to
read and
write
Education was believed to created inequality, and hence was targeted for destructionSlide8
The Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
After Mao’s death in 1976 his followers divided into factions
Radicals-
This group supported the goals of Cultural Revolution and
were
led by Mao’s wife and
a man named Jiang
Qing
Military-
The military was led
by Lin
Bia. The
group was powerful because of
the constant external military threats to China
Moderates-
This group was led
by Zhou
Enlai
. Moderates
believed
in economic modernization and limited
contact
with other
countries.
Enlai
died shortly after Mao
These groups were strongly tied together because of the importance of personal relationships in Chinese
culture.
This is known as a
patron-client systemSlide9
Den Xiaoping’s Modernizations (1978-1997)
Deng Xiaoping believed in and pushed the idea of the
“Four Modernizations”
These include industry, agriculture, science, and the military
With the bolstering of these parts of Chinese society, they turned to pushing a new direction. This new direction included:
“Open Door” trade policy-
Trade with everyone was encouraged, including capitalist nations like the U.S. that will boost China’s economy
Reforms in education-
Higher academic standards and expansion of higher education and research reversed the policy of Cultural Revolution
Institutionalization of the Revolution-
Revolutionary goals were reconciled with restoring the legal system and bureaucracy of Old China, decentralizing the government, modifying elections and infusing capitalism