Week 5 Review Pronouns In Latin just as in English Pronouns stand in the place of nouns Pronouns in Latin have 3 characteristics gender number and case Latin pronouns decline ID: 760874
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Slide1
Pronouns and UNUS NAUTA Adjectives
Week 5 Review
Slide2Pronouns
In Latin, just as in English, Pronouns stand in the place of nouns.
Pronouns in Latin have 3 characteristics:
gender
,
number
, and
case
.
Latin pronouns
decline
similar to nouns to exhibit their
gender
,
number
, and
case
.
Most Latin pronouns roughly follow the
2-1-2 declension
pattern, but they also use unique
genitive (-
ius
)
and
dative singular (-
i
)
endings.
I like to think of this as a separate “
Pronoun Declension
” that
uses
2-1-2 declension
endings
with the addition of the
gen. (-
ius
)
and
dative sing. (-
i
).
The
gender
and
number
of pronouns agree the with the nouns that they
replace.
The
case
of pronouns will change based upon their syntactical use in a sentence.
Most pronouns in Latin can also be used as adjectives, if they modify a noun that is present instead of simply replacing it.
Slide3Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)
The Demonstrative pronouns (can also be adjectives) are used to ‘point’ to things – “this”, “that”, “these”, “those”.They follow the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i)
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.illeillīusillīillumillōillīillōrumillīsillōsillīsFem.illaillīusillīillamillāillaeillārumillīsillāsillīsNeut.illudillīusillīilludillōillaillōrumillīsillaillīs
ille
,
illa, illud – “that”, “those”
Summary of Endings:
-e / -a / -
ud-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-ud-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide4Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)
The demonstrative pronoun (and adjective) iste, ista, istud is used to ‘point’ to things with a distinctly negative connotation. It follows the pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille exactly.
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.isteistīusistīistumistōistīistōrumistīsistōsistīsFem.istaistīusistīistamistāistaeistārumistīsistāsistīsNeut.istudistīusistīistudistōistaistōrumistīsistaistīs
iste
,
ista, istlud – “that”, “those”, “that (grr!)…”
Summary of Endings:
-e / -a / -
ud-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-ud-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide5Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)
The Demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc (“this”, “these”) combines the stem “h-” + ending + “-c” (a deictic marker used for pointing) in some cases.When this “-c” marker runs up against certain endings like “-a” or “-m” various linguistic changes will happen. [“-a” + “-c” -> “-aec” ; “-m” + “-c” -> “-nc”] Otherwise, it follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i)
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.hichuīushuīchunchōchīhōrumhīshōshīsFem.haechuīushuīchanchāchaehārumhīshāshīsNeut.hochuīushuīchochōchaechōrumhīshaechīs
hic,
haec
, hoc – “this”, “these”
Summary of Endings:
Ø / -a / Ø
-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide6Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)
The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective is, ea, id (“this”, “these”, etc.) serves as both demonstrative and the 3rd person personal pronoun (“he”, “she”, “it”, “they”)The stem is really an “i-”, but it will weaken to an “e-” up against most vowels, hence the stem here looks like it’s an “e-” because of all the vowels in the endings.
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.iseīuseīeumeōeī, iīeōrumeīseōseīsFem.eaeīuseīeameāeaeeārumeīseāseīsNeut.ideīuseīideōeaeōrumeīseaeīs
is, ea, id – “this”, “that”, “these”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”, etc.
Summary of Endings:
Ø / -a / Ø
-
īus
/ -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide7Demonstrative Pronouns (and Adj.)
The Demonstrative pronoun and adjective īdem, eadem, idem (“the same”) is a combination of is, ea, id + “-dem” (another deictic marker)When the “-dem” comes up against an “-m”, it will produce “-ndem”; similarly, the “s” in “is” will drop and the short “i” will lengthen to compensate -> īdem
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.īdemeīusdemeīdemeundemeōdemeīdemeōrundemeīsdemeōsdemeīsdemFem.eademeīusdemeīdemeandemeādemeaedemeārundemeīsdemeāsdemeīsdemNeut.idemeīusdemeīdemidemeōdemeademeōrundemeīsdemeademeīsdem
īdem
,
eadem, idem – “the same”
Summary of Endings:
Ø / -a / Ø
-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/ Ø-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide8Intensive Pronoun
The Intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum (“___self”) strengthens whatever it modifies. Thus, when it modifies some 3rd person item, it will translate as “himself”, “herself”, “itself”, “themselves”; if it modifies a 1st person item it will be: “myself”, “ourselves”; if it modifies a second person item it will be: “yourself”, “yourselves”. It follows the standard pronoun decl. pattern (2-1-2 + -ius, -i) like ille, illa, illud
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.ipseipsīusipsīipsumipsōipsīipsōrumipsīsipsōsipsīsFem.ipsaipsīusipsīipsamipsāipsaeipsārumipsīsipsāsipsīsNeut.ipsumipsīusipsīipsumipsōipsaipsōrumipsīsipsaipsīs
ipse,
ipsa
, ipsum – “____self”
Summary of Endings:
-e / -a / -um
-īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-um-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs
Slide9Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns stand in place of people (“I”, “me”, “you”, “we”, “us”, “y’all”, etc.)As noted above, the demonstrative is, ea, id is used for the third person personal pronoun; here we’ll cover only the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns.
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.1st Personegomeīmihimēmēnōsnostrum/nostrīnobisnōsnobis2nd Persontūtuītibitētēvōsvestrum/vestrīvobisvōsvobis
ego,
meī
– “I”, “me”
tū
,
tuī
– “you”
nos
, nostrum – “we”, “us”
vōs
,
vestrum
– “you (pl.)”, “y’all”
Slide10Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns stand in place of nouns, but ALWAYS refer back to the SUBJECT of the sentence. As such, they only exist in the oblique cases (i.e., all cases other than the nom.)For the 1st and 2nd pers. reflexive pron., the same forms as the personal pronouns are used. For the 3rd person reflexive pronouns, a new pronoun (“suī, sibi, sē, sē”) is used.
(sing.)
NOM.
GEN.
DAT.
ACC.
ABL.
(
plur
.)
NOM.
GEN.
DAT.
ACC.
ABL.
1
st
Person
---
meī
mihi
mē
mē
---
nostrī
nōbīs
nōs
nōbīs
2
nd
Person
---
tuī
tibi
tē
tē
---
vestrī
vōbīs
vōs
vōbīs
3
rd
Person
----
suī
sibi
sē
sē
---
suī
sibi
sē
sē
Slide11Relative Pronoun
The Relative pronoun quī, quae, quod (“who”, “which”, “that”) begins a new clause that relates back to an item in another clause in the sentence. The relative pron. will take the gender and number of the noun it relates back to, while the relative pron. will have its own case, based on its syntactical use in the relative clause.The relative pronoun is also used as the interrogative adjective (“who”, “what”)
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.quīcuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusFem.quaecuiuscuiquamquāquaequārumquibusquāsquibusNeut.quodcuiuscuiquodquōquaequōrumquibusquaequibus
quī
, quae, quod – “who”, “which”, “that”
Summary of Endings:
-ī / -
ae
/ -od-ius / -ius / -ius-i / -i / -i-em /-am/ -od-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -ae-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-ibus / -ibus / -ibus-ōs / -ās / -ae-ibus / -ibus / -ibus
Slide12Interrogative Pronoun
The Interrogative pronoun quis, quid (“who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which”) asks for the identity of a person or thing. The masculine and feminine singular forms are the same in the singular. The plural forms of the interrogative pronoun are identical to the relative pronoun
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.quiscuiuscuiquemquōquīquōrumquibusquōsquibusFem.quiscuiuscuiquemquōquaequārumquibusquāsquibusNeut.quidcuiuscuiquidquōquaequōrumquibusquaequibus
quis
, quid – “who”, “whose”, “whom”, “what”, “which”
Summary of Endings:
-is / -is / -id
-
ius / -ius / -ius-i / -i / -i-em /-em/ -id-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -ae-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-ibus / -ibus / -ibus-ōs / -ās / -ae-ibus / -ibus / -ibus
Slide13UNUS NAUTA Adjectives
A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly like 2-1-2 adjectives, but they use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. endings like the pronouns.Other than having irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives. UNUS NAUTA is an acronymic mnemonic device to help you remember these 9 adjectives:ūnus, -a, -umnūllus, -a, -umūllus, -a, -umsōlus, -a, -umneuter, neutra, neutrumalius, -a, -uduter, utra, utrumtōtus, -a, -umalter, altera, alterum
UNUSNAUTA
You will definitely want to learn to recognize these adjectives when you see them to help you remember the irregular forms.
The next slide will allow you to practice declining one of these adjectives, but note that you should be able to decline them all following the same pattern.
Slide14UNUS NAUTA Adjectives
A special set of adjectives (often called UNUS NAUTA) follow the pronoun declension pattern: mostly 2-1-2, but use an “-ius” gen. sing. and an “-i” dat. sing. Other than the irregular forms, they function as normal adjectives.
(sing.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.(plur.)NOM.GEN.DAT.ACC.ABL.Masc.sōlussōlīussōlīsōlumsōlōsōlīsōlōrumsōlīssōlōssōlīsFem.sōlasōlīussōlīsōlamsōlāsōlaesōlārumsōlīssōlāssōlīsNeut.sōlumsōlīussōlīsōlumsōlōsōlasōlōrumsōlīssōlasōlīs
sōlus
, -a, -um – “alone”, “only”
Summary of Endings:
-us / -a / -um
-
īus / -īus / -īus-ī / -ī / -ī-um /-am/-um-ō / -ā / -ō-ī / -ae / -a-ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum-īs / -īs / -īs-ōs / -ās / -a-īs / -īs / -īs