Public Communication Prepared by - PowerPoint Presentation

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Public Communication Prepared by - PPT Presentation

Siti Rokiah Siwok for UHS 2052 students at UTM Skudai Malaysia srsiwokgmailcom Public speaking Public speaking is the presentation of a speech usually prepared in advance Public speaking and listening are two significant forms of communication ID: 703352

copyright speech bacon allyn speech copyright allyn bacon 2008 audience main points topic purpose outlining information anxiety point ideas credibility questions speaker

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Slide1

Public Communication

Prepared by

Siti

Rokiah

Siwok

for UHS 2052 students at UTM,

Skudai

, Malaysia. srsiwok@gmail.com Slide2

Public speaking

Public speaking is the presentation of a speech, usually prepared in advance. Public speaking and listening are two significant forms of communication.In public speaking, the speaker is the central focus of an audience’s attention.Slide3

Speech Preparation: overview

Selecting a speech topicDetermining the General Purpose,

Specific Purpose and Thesis of a Speech Audience AnalysisGathering and using informationOrganizing and outlining Delivering the speechSlide4

Do start earlySlide5

Selecting a Speech Topic

Choose a topicMeaningful to youImportant to your audienceFamiliar and interesting to you

Think like a listenerSlide6

Techniques for finding a Topic

Among the techniques are:Self-inventoryBrainstormingReviewing the current mediaSurfing the webSlide7

Some guides for evaluating a Website as a source of information

Among the questions to ask:Who is the author or producer?What are the author’s credentials?How reliable is the source? What is the authority or expertise of the author? Is the author bias?How complete and accurate is the information?

For whom is the information intended ?Is the web page up-to-date?Slide8

Some guides for evaluating a Website as a source of information

Is the information written in a good manner, using the basic rules of grammar, spelling and usage?Is the language appropriate?Is the webmaster contact information provided? Slide9

Speech TopicHow do you assess the appropriateness of a topic?

How do you narrow the topic?Slide10

Assessing the appropriateness of a Topic

One a possible topic has been identified, the next step is to determine whether the topic is appropriate for you, your assignment and your audience.Slide11

Assessing the appropriateness of a Topic

You can ask these questions to help you decide:Does the topic merit the audience’s attention?Will the audience see the connection between you and the topic, and between the topic and themselves?

Will the topic meet the objectives of the assignment?Does the audience have sufficient knowledge and background to understand the topic?Slide12

12Purpose of the Speech

General purposeSpecific purpose?Thesis?Slide13

Determining the General Purpose

Overall purpose of speech is to:Inform - Convey knowledgePersuade - Change listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, values or

behaviours. Entertain - Provide enjoyment and amusementSlide14

The Specific Purpose of a Speech

The specific purpose of a speech is a single phrase that:Defines precisely what you intend to accomplish in the speechIdentifies general purpose, audience, and exact topic.Slide15

The Specific Purpose of a Speech: Examples

To inform the audience of three effects of video games on children.To inform the audience about the three most dangerous effects of drugs on teens.To persuade the audience that capital punishment does not deter crime.Slide16

The Thesis of a Speech

A sentence that states specifically what is going to be discussed in a speechA concise statement of the content including the main ideas.Slide17

Example (1)

Topic: Inexpensive, renewable energyGeneral Purpose: To informSpecific Purpose: To inform my audience about wind as an energy source

Thesis: Wind is an inexpensive, easily accessible, renewable energy sourceSlide18

Example (2)

Topic: Stem cell researchGeneral Purpose: To informSpecific Purpose

: To inform my audience about the development and implications of stem cells as a way to cure serious diseaseThesis: I will examine promising medical advances by looking at the history of stem cell research and the potential benefits of stem cells on serious diseases.Slide19

Audience Analysis

Audience analysis is the collection and interpretation of data about characteristics, attitudes, values, and beliefs of an audience. So that the you can: Know your audience. Adapt your speech to your audienceSlide20

Audience Analysis

The more the speakers know about the audience, the better they can adapt their speeches to them. Able to understand audience’s point of viewThe reason why the audience decided to come to hear the speakers.Are they voluntary participants or captive participants?Slide21

Audience analyses

Demographic analysisPsychological analysisSize of Audience

Physical SettingKnowledge LevelRelationship to SpeakerAttitudes/Values Related to TopicAttitudes Related to the SituationSlide22

Audience Analysis: Demographic Analysis

AgeGenderCultural and Ethnic BackgroundEducation

OccupationReligionGeographic OriginsGroup MembershipOther FactorsSlide23

Audience Analysis : Psychological Analysis

It is the collection and interpretation of data about audience members’ values, attitudes and beliefs.Psychological analysis helps to determine how the audience will react to the speaker, the topic and the surrounding s in which the speech is presented. Psychological analysis helps the speaker to be aware of what motivates the audience to listen.Slide24

24Ways to Learn about the Audience

ObservationSurvey InterviewsQuestionnairesSlide25

Gathering

Using InformationSlide26

and Bacon 200826

Every 10 minutes of speaking time requires 10 hours of research and preparation time.Slide27

27Some

sources of informationYourselfInterviewLibraryElectronic SourcesSlide28

28Why are you a good source?

Your experiencesYour knowledgeSlide29

29Why is the interview a valuable tool?

Expert opinionUp-to-date informationSlide30

30Going to the library

LibrariansComputer-assisted search programsElectronic databasesReference departmentSlide31

31Electronic SourcesWorld Wide Web

Topic-based searchesSite-based searchesSearch Engines:

www.yahoo.com

www.google.com

Metasearch Engines

www.dogpile.com

www.mamma.comSlide32

32Surfing the Web

How do you evaluate a Web source?*AuthorPublishing bodyCurrencyPurpose*Elizabeth Kirk’s guide for evaluating Web sourcesSlide33

33Surfing the Web

How do you evaluate a Web source?*AuthorPublishing bodyCurrencyPurpose*Elizabeth Kirk’s guide for evaluating Web sourcesSlide34

34Suggestions for Doing Research

State a clear purpose before you searchBegin research earlyUse computer searchesMaintain a bibliography of sourcesTake notes

Bottom line: Stay organized!Slide35

35Clarify and Support

How a speaker clarifies and supports ideas determines the quality of the speech.There are essentially two parts to every speech: a statement and its proof.

-- AristotleSlide36

Supporting and clarifying ideas

Audiences generally accept information because of the credibility of the speaker or because of the information itself.Thus a statement by a well-known person will be more likely to be accepted by an “ordinary” person. However, most audiences will want to hear proofs before they accept the statements made. Slide37

37Ways to Support and Clarify Ideas

TestimonyExamplesDefinitionsStatisticsSlide38

38Testimony

Testimonies are opinions or conclusions of witnesses or recognized authorities to add trustworthiness to a speech. The speaker’s own experience can be good testimony.Slide39

Testimony

Two essential tests of testimony are:The person whose words are cited must be qualified by virtue of skills, training, expertise, recognition and reputation.The expert’s opinion is acceptable and believable to your audience.Slide40

Testimony

For maximum credibility, testimony should come from objective sources. The objectivity and neutrality is especially important when the topic is controversial.Listeners tend to be suspicious of opinions from a biased or self-interested source.Slide41

41Examples

An example is a representative incident that clarifies a point.

Types of examples:

Brief examples

Illustrations

Analogies

RestatementsSlide42

Brief example

A brief example is a specific instance to introduce a topic, drive home a point, or create a desired impressionSlide43

Illustration

An illustration , or extended example is a narrative, case history or anecdote that is striking and memorable.Illustration often exemplify concepts, conditions or circumstances or demonstrate findings. Illustration can be :FactualhypotheticalSlide44

Illustration

Factual illustration is a report of something that exists or actually happened.Hypothetical illustration is a report of something that could happen, given a specific set of circumstances.The use of hypothetical illustration can be quite effective because the speaker can involve the listeners by creating a vivid picture in the listeners mind.Slide45

Analogies

An analogy is a comparison of two things that are similar in certain essential characteristics.Analogies explain or prove the unknown by comparing it to the known. There are two kinds of analogies:Figurative analogyLiteral analogySlide46

Analogies

Figurative analogy draws comparison of things in different categories.A literal analogy is a comparison of members of the same category. Example: two search engines ( google and goodsearch) or two genres of literature ( fiction and nonfiction)Figurative analogies make ideas vivid and clear, whereas literal analogies supply evidence to support points.

Slide47

Restatements

A restatement is the expression of the same idea using different words; it may be in the form of summary, synonym or rephrasing.Restatements do not provide evidence, but powerful by having a persuasive effect; add clarity, meaning and dramatic rhythm to a message. Martin Luther King Jr. is famous for his “I have a Dream” speech in which he used restatements.Slide48

48Definitions

You must define all unfamiliar terms or concepts. Types of definitions:Logical definitionOperational definition

Definition by exampleSlide49

Definitions

A logical definition usually contains two parts; a term’s dictionary definition ad the characteristics that distinguish the term form other items in the same category.An operational definition explains how an object or concept works, gives the steps that make up a process, or states how conceptual terms are measured.

A definition by example clarifies a term not by describing it or gives its meaning but mentioning or showing an example of it.Slide50

50Statistics

Statistics are numerical data that show relationships or summarize or interpret many instances.Slide51

51Guidelines for Statistics

Sources must be reliable and neutralExplain statistics you are usingUse statistics sparinglyRound off large numbers when possibleUse visual aids to present statistics if appropriate and possibleSlide52

52Overall, a good speech is one that is well researched!Slide53

53Slide54

54The Big Picture: Speech Making Process

Consider the audienceChoose/narrow a topicResearch the topicSelect support material Organize and outline body Develop an effective introduction and conclusion

Rehearse and deliver your speechSlide55

55How do you organize the body of your speech?Slide56

56Develop the Main Points

Relate main points, specific purpose, and thesisPresent the main pointsBe specificUse vivid languageShow relevanceCreate parallel structureLimit the number of main pointsSlide57

Main points: Be specific

The more specific the main points: the less confusion they will create, and The more meaningful they will be to the audienceEach main point in a speech should also be independent of the others and simple to understand.Slide58

Main point: example

Ineffective main point:“Social responsibility is a theory about the societal responsibilities of companies such as Johnson & Johnson and individuals like you and me.”This example contains three ideas in one point, making it complicated.Slide59

Main point: Example

Effective main points:Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory about social responsibilities.Social responsibility was demonstrated by such companies as Johnson & Johnson with the Tylenol scare in 1982.

Social responsibility can also be an individual making a difference in the community.In this example, the three main ideas are divided into three separate points, making them easier to understand.Slide60

Main points : Use vivid language

The more vivid the main points, the more likely they are to create interest. Main points should be:Thought provokingAttention-grabbingVivid, but not overblown or exaggerated.Slide61

Main points: Show relevance

Main points that are relevant to the audience immediate interests encourage greater involvement and empathy.Example : “Air pollution in our city has reached high levels “ is better than “ Air pollution has reached high levels”Audiences want to know how the speaker’s subject relates to them, and why they should listen

.Slide62

Main points: Create parallel structure

Main points should be expressed in parallel structure, that is using similar grammatical patterns and wording as much as possible.Slide63

Examples: Non Parallel Structure

Fine arts help us use our whole brain.A balanced life results from participation in the fine arts.Contributions to society are the result of participation in the fine arts.Slide64

Examples: Parallel Structure

The fine arts help us use all areas of our brains.The fine arts help us keep a balanced life.The fine arts help us contribute to society.

Parallel structure of the main points makes material easier to develop and to remember. Audiences usually have only one opportunity to hear a speech.Slide65

Limiting the number of main points

The number of main points in your speech will depend on at least three considerations:The time to deliver the speechThe content to be covered in the speech, especially the amount and complexity of the supporting materials required for each point.The amount of information the audience can reasonably comprehend and rememberSlide66

Order of the main points

Once the main points identified, the next action is to decide the order which to present them. Order determines the structure and strategy of your speech.The most effective order depends on the topic, purpose and audience.Slide67

67Order the Main Points

Time-Sequence patternSpatial patternTopical patternProblem-Solution patternCause-Effect patternMotivated sequence patternHow do you choose the best pattern?Slide68

Connecting the main points

The thoughts in the speech has to systematically connected.The four most common connecting devices speakers use, either singly or in combination are:TransitionsSignposts

Internal previewsInternal summariesSlide69

Connecting main points: Transitions

A transition is a word or phrase used to link ideas. Examples : “ Let me move on to my next point”“Turning now to ……..”“Another example is…..”Slide70

Connecting main points: signposts

Signposts are words or phrases or short statements that indicate to an audience the direction a speaker will take next.Examples :Let me first illustrateMy second point isAs I look in my chartNext…Finally…Slide71

Connecting main points: signposts

Questions can also be used signposts. Examples: How powerful is language?What happens next?Such questions draw the audience’s attention to the forthcoming answer.Slide72

Connecting main points: Internal previews and Internal summaries

Internal previews are short statements that give in advance warning, or preview of the point (s) to be covered. Internal summaries are short review statements given at the end of a main point.Slide73

73How do you support the main points?

Support materials must be relevant and logically organized.Slide74

Organizing the Introduction

of Your SpeechSlide75

75Organizing the Introduction

of Your SpeechExperience speakers often develop the introductions after, not before, they finish the body of the speech.An introduction include opening statements that set the state and serves two important functions, namely : (1) motivating the audience to listen and, (2) orienting them to the subject.Slide76

Organizing the Introduction of Your Speech

The introduction should be based on the information gathered in the audience analysis. Thus the introduction should have three goals, to: Orient the audience to the topic.Motivate the audience to listen.

Forecast the main points.Slide77

Orienting Your Audience to the TopicRefer to the subject or occasion

Use personal references or narrativesAsk rhetorical questionsPresent a startling statementUse humorUse quotationsState your specific purpose and thesisSlide78

78Motivate the Audience to Listen

Make your topic relevantEstablish credibilityCredibility is a speaker’s believability, based on the audience’s evaluation of the speaker’s competence, experience, character and charisma .(

Sieller

and

Beall

, 2011, page 226Slide79

Credibility

Credibility is the most valuable tool for a persuasive speaker.Credibility is the “believability” that the audience holds towards you. The audience is the judge to credibility, but there is a lot that the speaker can do to influence the audience opinion.Credibility includes competence, character and charisma.The key is to establish yourself from the very beginning of the speech as a person worth listening to. Slide80

Credibility: competence

Competence will be judged by the amount of knowledge, the degree of involvement and the extent of experience. The more expertise shown in your area, the more likely the audience will accept what is being said.Ways to demonstrate expertise: Demonstrate involvementRelate experienceCite researchSlide81

Credibility: character

Audience judge the speaker’s character based on their perceptions of: Trustworthiness Trustworthiness is reliability and dependability. Past experience play a role too. Ethics. Can be achieved by citing sources and citing accurately, not distorting or alter information or facts and show respect for the audience. Slide82

Credibility: ethics

Respect your audience.Some jokes but not too much.Avoid conflict with the audience.Moderate in all thingsDon’t call names or talk bad about anybody.

If sensitive issues have to be said, say them in the best manner, such as using analogy. Slide83

Credibility: charisma

Charisma is the appeal that the audience perceives. Some characteristics of charismatic speakers are: genuinely interested in the audience, energetic and enthusiastic, attractive and likeable.Charismatic speakers are able to engage the audience. Slide84

84Forecast the Main Points

Give listeners a road map for your speech.The first 15 seconds are critical to audience involvement!Slide85

Organize the conclusion

your

speechSlide86

86Conclusion of Your Speech

Show that you are finishing the speechMake your thesis clearReview the main pointsEnd with a memorable thoughtSlide87

Conclusion of Your Speech

The conclusion should focus on the specific purpose of your speech and bring the most important points together in a condensed and uniform way. The conclusion also should relate to the introduction, helping the audience make connections between various parts and points of the message.Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008

87Slide88

Outline Your SpeechSlide89

Outlining your speech

Outlining is one of the most difficult steps in a speech preparation.Outlining involves arranging the entire contents of a speech in logical sequence and writing that sequence in a standardized form.The outline is often referred to as the blueprint or skeleton of a speech. Slide90

Outlining your speech

Outlining and organizing are similar terms.Both organizing and outlining involve arranging information to form a meaningful sequence, but outlining is a more rigorous written process.Outlining is more detailed than organizing and helps :to unify and clarify thinking,

makes relationships clear,Provide the proper balance and emphasis for each point as it relates to the specific purpose of a speech ( or written paper),To ensure that information is accurate and relevant.Slide91

Outlining your speech

In the process of outlining the speech, you will gain an overview of your entire presentation, which help you gauge the amount of support you have for each of your main points, as well as identify any points that need further development.The process of outlining usually requires three steps….Slide92

Principles in Outlining

There are three principles in outlining:SubordinationCoordinationParallelismSlide93

Principles in outlining : subordination

Subordination identifies the hierarchy of ideas.The most important ideas are the main points and are supported by subpoints ( that is, they are subordinate to the main points)Slide94

Principles in outlining :coordination

Coordination suggests that ideas with the same level of importance use the same kind of numbers ( Roman and Arabic ) and letters (capitalized and noncapitalized) to provide a visualization of relationships.Slide95

Principles in outlining : parallelism

Parallelism is the term for making all ideas, main points, subpoints and sub-subpoints use similar grammatical form and language patterns. The language used should also be parallel.Slide96

96Steps in Outlining Your Speech

Start with a preliminary outlineExpand to a full-sentence outline Condense to a presentational (key-word) outlineSlide97

Example of an outlining formatSlide98

98Using Presentational Note CardsUse only a few note cards

Number the note cardsWrite on only one sideUse abbreviationsUse an outline formatWrite out introduction and conclusionList only main points and subpointsWrite out citations, statistics, and quotationsSlide99

Managing Anxiety

Delivering your SpeechSlide100

Speech anxiety

Fear of public speaking (speech anxiety ) is common :Fear of not having anything worthwhile to sayFear of speaking in front of othersSlide101

101Qualities of Effective SpeakersEthics

KnowledgePreparationSelf-ConfidenceSlide102

102Ethics: Avoiding Plagiarism

Use more than one source for speechUse a variety of sourcesAvoid using language identical to original authorCite sources prior to quoting a sourceAlways identify your sourcesGive credit to originator of ideasSlide103

103Managing Speech Anxiety

What is speech anxiety?What is communication apprehension?What are the symptoms?What causes speech anxiety?How does culture affect speech anxiety?How is speech anxiety controlled?Slide104

104Symptoms of Speech Anxiety

Vocal changesFluency problemsDryness in mouth and throatTense facial expressionsRandom gesturesBody movementsNonvisible symptomsSlide105

105What Causes Speech Anxiety?

Fear of physical unattractiveness Fear of social inadequacy Fear of criticism Fear of the unknown Fear of speech anxiety Conflicting emotions Excitement from anticipation

FEAR!!!!Slide106

106Treating Speech Anxiety

Select a topic you enjoy and know.Be prepared and know your audience.Be confident.Think positively.Practice, practice, practice.Slide107

107Additional Tips for Controlling Speech Anxiety

Talk with instructor for additional help.Don’t give up!Practice relaxation techniques - systematic desensitization.Realize that everyone feels this way.Slide108

108How Do You Deliver

a Winning Speech?Slide109

109Methods of Delivery

Choose an appropriate method:Impromptu DeliveryManuscript DeliveryMemorized DeliveryExtemporaneous DeliverySlide110

110How do vocal and physical aspects affect delivery?Slide111

111Vocal Aspects

Vocal qualityIntelligibilityVocal variety Rate Force PitchSlide112

112Physical Aspects

Personal appearanceBody movementGesturesFacial expressionsEye contactSlide113

113Some Distracting Speaker Behaviors

rapid speechmonotonemumblingawkward pauseshands in pocketsplaying with hairlooking at floor or ceilingtense, rigidsloppy posture

swaying

dancing

leaning on podium

weight shifts

crossing legsSlide114

114Presentational Aids Materials and equipment that speakers may use to enhance the speech’s content as well as their delivery

A picture is worth a thousand words…Slide115

115Why use presentational aids? Save time

Gain attention and hold interestClarify and support main pointsReinforce or emphasize main pointsImprove retention of informationSlide116

116Audience Memory and the Impact of Visual AidsSlide117

117Effective presentational aidsSlide118

118Presentational aids should:

Serve a needBe planned and adaptedNot dominate the speakerLook professionally preparedBe practical - easy to prepare, use, and transportBe documented if they are not originalContain only one ideaSlide119

119Kinds of Presentational Aids

Real objectsModelsPhotographs and printsDrawings, sketches, and diagramsTables and graphsSlide120

120Tips when using Presentational Aids

Display visuals only while you are using themDisplay them long enough for everyone to absorb the informationMake them neat, simple, large, bright, and readableDo not talk to your displayed objects Do not stand in front of your displayed objectsPractice using your presentational aidsSlide121

121Methods of PresentationPostersProjected Visuals

HandoutsSlide122

122Computer-Generated Presentational AidsDon’t overdo it!

Use appropriate font size – 40 point for a regular classroom.Don’t put too much on a slide.Use the visual to enhance your presentation.Practice using it in the room where you will be presenting.Slide123

123Thinking about PowerPointColorType and Size of FontUse of Graphics and PicturesSlide124

Use of appropriate language.Use appropriate intonation.

Appropriate non-verbal behaviour. Manage emotion and anxiety.Observe ethics.Keep up your credibility.

Presenting your speechSlide125

Language

Effective and appropriate use of language includes:Using your own style.Congruence between the language and the style used.Use active sentences.Use simple language.Slide126

Q & A

Questions can be asked by the audience during the speech or after the speech. It is also possible that the speaker asks questions. S/he can answer them or let the audience answer-depends on the purpose of the question. Unless they are meant to be provocative, it is ethical to answer all questions asked by the audience. Slide127

Responses to questions

Questions and answer sessions can be opportunities for the speaker to reinforce important points.Answers to the questions can increase the speaker’s credibility, to add information or to highlight some points which have been missed during the presentationWatch out, and be ready for ‘killer questions”. Slide128

Responses to questions

Let not questions control the whole presentation. Avoid irrelevant issues or issues which are too technical, which quite likely to bore the audience.

Keep to your time given.Slide129

Caution

There are lots more.Please go on reading and learning.Slide130

Main References

Seiler, W. J and Beall, M. L ( 2008, 2011). Communication. Making Connections ( 7th and 8th ed). Boston: Pearson