B33 Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate ATPnamely adenine the sugar ribose and three phosphate groups and summarize its function including the ATPADP adenosine diphosphate cycle ID: 1033192
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1. ATP-ADP CycleH.B.3.A.1 Develop and use models to explain how chemical reactions among ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate act to transfer chemical energy within cells.B-3.3 Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)---namely, adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups ---and summarize its function including the ATP-ADP [adenosine diphosphate] cycle
2. ATP: The Cell’s Currency Life processes require a constant supply of energy. Cells use energy that is stored in the bonds of certain organic molecules. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
3. ATP: StructureAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important biological molecule that supplies energy to the cell. A molecule of ATP is composed of three parts bonded together by “high energy” bonds: A nitrogenous base (adenine) • A sugar (ribose) • Three phosphate groups (triphosphate)
4. ATPAdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups5
5. Where does ATP come from?ATP comes indirectly from the food that we eat.Molecules of carbohydrates (glucose) and lipids are broken down through the process of cellular respiration to produce ATP.
6. ATP-ADP CycleThe energy stored in ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. ATP has three phosphate groups, but the bond holding the third phosphate groups is very easily broken. When the phosphate is removed, ATP becomes ADP—adenosine diphosphateA phosphate is released into the cytoplasm and energy is released.ADP is a lower energy molecule than ATP, but can be converted to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. ATP → ADP + phosphate + energy available for cell processes
7. Steps in the ADP-ATP CycleTo supply cells with energy, a “high energy” bond in ATP is broken. ADP is formed and a phosphate is released back into the cytoplasm.ATP ADP + phosphate + energy
8. Steps in the ADP-ATP CycleAs the cell requires more energy, ADP becomes ATP when a free phosphate attaches to the ADP molecule. Then energy needed to create an ATP molecule is much less than the amount of energy produced when the bond is broken.ADP + phosphate + energy ATP
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10. How do you “recharge” the battery?ADP is continually converted to ATP by the addition of a phosphate during the process of cellular respiration. ATP carries much more energy than ADP. As the cell requires more energy, it uses energy from the breakdown of food molecules to attach a free phosphate group to an ADP molecule in order to make ATP. ADP + phosphate + energy from breakdown of food molecules→ ATP
11. When is ATP used?ATP is consumed in the cell by energy-requiring processes and can be generated by energy-releasing processes. In this way ATP transfers energy between separate biochemical reactions in the cell. ATP is the main energy source for the majority of cellular functions. This includes the production of organic molecules, including DNA and, and proteins. ATP also plays a critical role in the transport of organic molecules across cell membranes, for example during exocytosis and endocytosis
12. Types of ReactionsExergonic(energy-yielding) Produces ATP Ex. Cellular respiration Endergonic (energy-requiring) reactionsRequires ATP Ex. Photosynthesis
13. ATP VS ADPATPADPMain energy source for the cellContains Less energyContains 3 phosphate groups (triphosphate)Contains 2 phosphate groups (diphosphate)