Chapter 6: Land and its resources - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 6: Land and its resources

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.1.

Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust.

2. A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure. Examples of minerals are calcite, feldspar, quartz, mica, marble and silicate.

3.. Only inactive elements can exist freely in the Earth’s crust. Meanwhile, active elements will react with other elements to form particular compounds.

4.. Natural elements commonly found in the Earth’s crust are gold, silver, platinum, mercury and arsenic.

The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust

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elements

% by weight

oxygen

46.6

silicon

27.7

aluminium

8.1iron/ferrum5.0calcium3.6sodium2.8potassium2.6magnesium2.1titanium0.4hydrogen/carbon0.14

Almost 75% of the weight of a mineral in the Earth’s Crust is made up of oxygen and silicon elements. Thus, silicate minerals which contain oxygen and silicon elements make up the largest amount. Examples of silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica and clay.

Minerals that do not contain silicon element are known as non-silicate minerals. Examples of

non silicate minerals

are

calcite, dolomite, magnetite and hematite.

Other

non metallic elements

such as

oxygen, sulphur and carbon

usually exist in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.

Less active elements combine with oxygen and sulphur to

form oxides and sulphides

such as iron oxide, aluminium oxide, lead sulphide and iron sulphide.

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Types of compounds

Elements present

Oxides

metal and oxygen

Carbonates

metal, carbon and oxygen

Sulphides

metal and sulphurSilicatesmetal, silicon and oxygenSilicasilicon and oxygenElement in Natural CompoundsTypes of mineralsExamplesOf Natural MineralsChemical name(Mineral Content)Elements in the mineraloxidesbauxitealuminium oxideAluminium and oxygen

hematite

iron oxide

iron and oxygen

magnetite

magnesium oxide

Magnesium and oxygen

cassitetite

tin oxide

tin and oxygen

sulphide

galena

lead sulphide

lead and sulphur

pyrite

iron sulphide

iron and sulphur

chalcocite

copper sulphide

copper and sulphur

blende

zinc sulphide

zinc and sulphur

carbonate

calcite (marble)

calcium carbonate

calcium, carbon and oxygen

magnesite

magnesium carbonate

Magnesium, carbon and oxygen

dolomite

magnesium carbonate

Magnesium, carbon and oxygen

malachite

copper carbonate

copper, carbon and oxygen

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KESAN HABA KE ATAS LOGAM KARBONAT DAN LOGAM SULFIDA

calcium

c

arbonat

Air kapur

(

untuk

uji gas )Iron sulfideLarutan kalium permangganat berasid(uij gas SO2 ) ungu jernihjernihkeruhmineral air kapur (jernih)Kalium permangganat (ungu)Gas terbebascalcium carbonat

Iron sulfide

Iron

oxside

lead sulfide

Magnesium

carbonat

tin

oxside

keruh

keruh

jernih

jernih

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SO

2

SO

2

tidak

terurai

tidak

terurai

pemerhatian

C

O

2

C

O

2

C

O

2

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Metal + oxygen  metal oxide

Metal +

sulphur  metal sulphide

Metal

sulphide

 metal oxide + sulphur dioxide

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Metal react with oxygen

MAZI C–

decending

order

CIZAM

– accending order

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Metal react with sulphur

MAZI

C

–

decending

order C IZAM – accending order

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PERAK 12

Magnesium + sulphur

 magnesium sulphide

heat

Calcium sulphide

 calcium oxide + sulphur dioxideheat

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Reactions of metals with non-metal

Magnesium +

sulphur

 magnesium

sulphide

Aluminium + sulphur  aluminum sulphideZinc + sulphur  zinc sulphideIron + sulphur  iron sulphideCopper + sulphur  copper sulphideMetal with sulphur

Magnesium + oxygen

 magnesium oxideAluminium + oxygen  aluminum oxideZinc + oxygen  zinc oxideIron + oxygen  iron oxideCopper + oxygen  copper oxideMetal with oxygenPotassium Manganate (vii) crystals release oxygen when heatedThe glass wool at the mouth of the boiling tube prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the airThe glass wool at in the boiling tube prevents the Potassium Manganate (VII) from mixing with the metal powder.

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Test

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PKBS 2 2010 MEI

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PMR 2007

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SBP 2006

PMR 09

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PMR 08

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Diagram 6 shows the set-up apparatus to determine the action of heat on plumbum sulphide.

A. Describe

the colour change of the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.

...........................................................................................................................

[1

mark

]

B. Name the solution that can be used to substitute the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution. .........................................................................................................................[1 mark]C. Name the white residue produced after plumbum sulphide is heated. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [ 1 mark]D. State the two elements found in plumbum sulphide. (i) ........................................................................................................ (ii) .........................................................................................................[2 marks]SBP 2009

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SBP 2011

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Minerals in the Earth’s crust

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A metal is an element that has a

shiny surface, is ductile and

malleable.Example: zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, gold, silver …Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide

.

Most metals

react with sulphur to form metal sulphide.Metal & non-metalA non-metal is an element that has a dull surface, is brittle.Example: graphite (carbon), sulphur

, oxygen, chlorine

…Zinc + sulphur  zinc sulphideZinc + oxygen  zinc oxide

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The Moths Scale

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Silicon Compound

Silicon

is non-metallic element that is the second most abundant element after the element oxygen in the Earth’s crust.Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural states but combines with other elements to form compounds.

Silicon normally combines with other elements such as

metals and oxygen

to form silicon compounds (silica and silicate)Silica is also known as silicon dioxide.Silicon + oxygen  silicon dioxide (silica)Example of silica: sand, quartz and flintSilicate is a silicon compound that contains

silicon, metal and oxygen

.Silicate is form when silicon combines with oxygen and metal.Silicon + oxygen + metal  silicateExamples: clay, mica, feldspar, asbestos gem (jade, ruby, topaz)

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The properties of silicon compounds

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Characteristic of silicon:

Do not dissolve in water

Do not react with acidDo not decomposed when heated

Sodium silicate

magnesium silicate

Feldfars

silicate

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Calcium carbonate is the chemical name for lime element that is formed

from 3 types of elements, which are calcium, carbon and oxygen.Examples of calcium compounds are:

a. Lime b. Lime stonec. Marble d. calcitee. Gypsum f. shell of sea animalsg. bones and teeth h. egg shells.

CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND

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insoluble in water

soluble in water containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas to form calcium hydrogen carbonate.

It reacts with dilute acid to produce calcium salt water and carbon dioxide

It decomposes into

calcium oxide

quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated. PMR 07, 08Calcium oxide dissolves a little in water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime and heat energy is releasedThe characteristics of calcium carbonate are: PMR 03, 04

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Properties of calcium carbonates

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Tindakan

haba ke

atas kalsium

karbonat

kalsium

karbonat

kalsium oksidakalsium hidroksidatitiskan airii. haba terhasili. Berdesirbatu kapurkapur tohorkapur matipepejal serbuk cecairpanaskan

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PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATES

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The formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide

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Natural fuel resources and their importance.

Formation of natural fuel resources.

Natural fuel resources include fossil fuels such as

petroleum, natural gas and coal.

Coal is formed from plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago.

Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the sea or on the land millions of years ago.

When these animals and plants died, their remains became buried under mud and sand at the bottom of the sea. High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks and the remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. PMR 08

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Characteristics and uses of petroleum fractions

Fossil fuel are hydrocarbons

(hydrogen and carbon)Petroleum is a mixture of many types of hydrocarbons which need to be separated before can be used.The hydrocarbons in the petroleum have different boiling points.Therefore, the petroleum can be separated into various components by fractional distillation.

The components which are separated are called fractions or distillates.

The

higher the boiling point of a fraction of petroleum, PMR 03, 05, 08the darker its colourthe higher the viscositythe colour of the flame become more yellowishmore soot produced when burntmore difficult to burn in air http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/fractional.htm

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Fractional distillation of petroleum

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PERAK 12

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PMR 2008

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THE USES OF THE PRODUCTS OF DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM

PMR 07

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Bahan api

semula jadi

1.

Iaitu

petroleum, gas asli, arang batu dan kayu-kayan2. dikenali sebagai bahan api fosil

.

Kerana berasal dari tumbuhan dan haiwan mati berjuta tahun lampau. Petroleum 1. Bewarna hitam dan likat, terdiri dari campuran hidrogen dan karbon dan dinamakan sebatian hidrokarbon.2. Proses pemisahan petroleum dinamakan penyulingan berperingkat disebabkan petroleum mempunyai takat didih berlainan

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Gas

asli

1.Gas asli terdiri

daripada

metana, etana, dan butana2. Gas asli diangkut dalam bentuk gas asli cecair

(LNG)

arang batu1.Dahulu arang batu diguna untuk menjalankan kapal laut, dan keretapiFRACTIONAL DISTILATION

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Colour

Viscosity

Colour

of flame

Soot combustibilityTemperature

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Fraction

Temperature

colour

viscosity

Colour

of flame

Soot produced

combustiibility

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Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr