Foam types and application procedures Foam type currently in inventory Calculations for foam flows PSI Response to Trucks Trains SPFD Response Bulletin What is foam an aggregate of airfilled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids It ID: 477359
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Slide1
Foam Response Objectives
Foam types and application procedures
Foam type currently in inventory
Calculations for foam flows / PSI
Response to Trucks / Trains
SPFD Response BulletinSlide2
What is foam?
“…an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions which is lower in density than flammable liquids. It is used principally to form a cohesive floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquids, and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents
reignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to surfaces, which provides a degree of exposure protection from adjacent fires” (NFPA 11).
Basic Foam PrinciplesSlide3
Basic Foam Principles
Why use foam?
Only agent capable of suppressing vapors & providing visible proof of securityFoam blanket on unignited spill can prevent fireSuppression of vapors prevents them from finding ignition sourceSlide4
Why use foam?
Can provide post-fire security by protecting hazard until it can be
secured / removedCan provide protection from flammable liquids for fire & rescue personnel during emergency operationsBasic Foam PrinciplesSlide5
Basic Foam Principles
How foam works:
Foam can:Exclude oxygen from fuel vaporsCool fuel surface with water content of foamPrevent release of flammable vapors from fuel surface
Emulsify fuelSlide6
Basic Foam Principles
How foam works:
Foam tetrahedron:
Before being used must be proportioned & aerated
4 elements:
Foam concentrate
Water
Air
AerationSlide7
Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
Foam is not effective on Class C electrical fires:Foam contains 94–97% water & water conducts electricityClass C fires can be extinguished using nonconductive extinguishing agentsSlide8
Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not effective on?
Foam is not effective on 3-dimensional fires:Recommended to first control spill fireExtinguish flowing fire using dry chemical agentSlide9
What is foam not effective on?
Foam is not effective on pressurized gases:
Vapor pressure too high for foam to be effectiveExamples:AcetyleneButadieneButaneLPGPropane
Vinyl chloride
Basic Foam PrinciplesSlide10
Basic Foam Principles
What is foam not
effective on?
Foam is not effective on combustible metals:
Combustible metals usually react with water
Fires involving combustible metals require specialized techniques & extinguishing agentsSlide11
Basic Foam Principles
What is foam effective on?
Effective at suppressing vapors & extinguishing Class B fires2 categories of Class B products:HydrocarbonsPolar solvents
Hydrocarbons
Polar solventsSlide12
Basic Foam Principles
Foam terminology:
Foam concentrateFoam solutionFinished foamSlide13
Firefighting Foam
FOAM EXTINGUISHES FLAMMABLE OR
COMBUSTIBLLIQUID FIRES IN FOUR WAYS:1. Excludes air from the flammable vapors.2. Eliminates vapor release from fuel surface.3. Separates the flames from the fuel surface.
4. Cools the fuel surface and surrounding metalSlide14
Basic Foam Principles
Types of foam:
Protein foamFluoroprotein foamsAFFFFFFP
AR foamSlide15
Basic Foam Principles
Foam characteristics:
KnockdownHeat resistanceFuel toleranceVapor suppressionAlcohol toleranceSlide16
Property
Protein
Fluoroprotein
AFFF
FFFP
AR-
AFFF
Knockdown
Fair
Good
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Heat Resistance
Excellent
Excellent
Fair
Good
Good
Fuel Tolerance
Fair
Excellent
Moderate
Good
Good
Vapor Suppression
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Alcohol Tolerance
None
NoneNoneNoneExcellentSource: National Foam
Foam CharacteristicsSlide17
AFFF’s are a combination of
fluorochemical
surfactants and synthetic foaming agents. AFFF’s extinguish fires by forming a aqueous film. This film is a thin layer of foam solution that spreads rapidly across the surface of a hydrocarbon fuel causing dramatic fire knockdown.AFFFSlide18
Alcohol resistant-AFFF foams act as a conventional AFFF on hydrocarbon
fuels, forming an aqueous film on the surface of the hydrocarbon fuel. When used on polar solvents (or water miscible fuels), the polysaccharide polymer
forms a tough membrane which separates the foam from the fuel and prevents the destruction of the foamblanketAR-AFFFSlide19
Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
Concentration levels:
Hydrocarbons: 3%
Polar solvents: 6%
Foam proportioning systems:
Eductors
:
In-line
eductors
: AdvantagesSlide20
Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
Foam proportioning systems:
Eductors
:
Bypass
eductors
Common
eductor
failuresSlide21
Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
Foam proportioning systems:
Foam nozzles:
Foam proportioning nozzles:
AdvantagesSlide22
Basic Foam Principles
Foam proportioning & delivery systems:
Foam proportioning systems:
Air aspirating nozzles
Non-air aspirating nozzlesSlide23
Basic Foam Principles
Application techniques:
Rain-down:
Nozzle elevated & foam allowed to fall over spill as gently as possibleSlide24
Basic Foam Principles
AR foams:
Use Type II application techniques:
Apply indirectly to fire
Type III application:
Effective only when deflected off surfaces
Best option may be to protect surrounding exposuresSlide25
Basic Foam Principles
Require higher flow rate of foam to extinguish fires:
AFFF-type: 1 gpm foam / 10 ft2 burning surface on hydrocarbon-type fuel
Ethanol-blended fuels: 2
gpm
foam / 10 ft
2
of AR type foamSlide26
Foam Recommendations for
Fire Departments
AR foams effective on both alcohol & hydrocarbon fires:
Some have quicker knockdown abilities & longer foam retention times than
protein-based hydrocarbon foams
Thermal imaging camera use recommended
Foam delivery systems such as foam tanks & totes cannot be shaken & remixed easily
Foam can stratify; must have maintenance program for re-agitationSlide27
South Portland Foam Supply
AR-
AFFF
Foam Concentrate Locations
30 Gallons on E-5
200 gallons @ Western Ave (Fairchild trailer).
500 gallons on E-2. (for Gulf)
990 gallons (825 on trailer 165 storage) @ Gulf.
2300 gallons (825 on trailer and 1475 storage & rack) @ Mobil.
3300 gallons (825 on trailer and 2475 storage & rack) @
Citgo
.AFFF Foam Concentrate Locations
500 Gallons on E-6
SPFD Foam Trailer has 990 Gallons
Numerous 55 gallon drums @ Central (2000 gallons)
Trailers (2) Portland Pipe Line (1) Sprague (1) Global Slide28
EERC Video
Click on for “Responding
to Ethanol Incidents”Slide29
SOG REVIEW
Click on for SOG 6.525
Tank Farm and Terminal OperationsSlide30
Ships in our Port
This is where it begins!
SuezmaxThese vessels weigh from 120,000 to 200,000 dead weight tons, with a capacity of 1 million barrels of oil (42 millions gallons). This is the largest size tanker that can travel through the Suez Canal.Slide31
Standard Storage Tank w/ Additive Tanks in FrontSlide32
Any of These Could be Ethanol
(They aren’t because you can tell by the lack of black streaks) Slide33
Loading RackSlide34
Portland PipelineSlide35
Foam ConnectionsSlide36
More ConnectionsSlide37
Rim Fire in Searsport
No Foam Connections like in SP
Rubber seal burned away Slide38
Damaged Leg holding the floating roof up (too much H2O)Slide39
Foam Calculations
Tank Size (diameter)
Tank 26 is 200 feetTank 23 is 150 feetApplication Rate: .16 GPM per SQ Foot65 minutes Application Time Slide40
Tank Flow Requirements
Tank 23
Foam Solution 2826 gpmFoam needed for 65 minutes = 5511 gallonsTank 26Foam Solution 5024 gpm
Foam needed for 65 minutes = 9815 gallonsSlide41
Full Surface Hydrocarbon
Basic equation: Tank Area x F low Rate x Run Time in Minutes
Diameter GPM Flow Foam Concentrate Flow (GPM) Water Flow (GPM) Total Flow (GPM) Total Concentrate Required for 65 min (gallons) 150 diameter 3.14 x r2(0.16)(65) 3.14 X 752
= 17,662.6 x .16 = 2826 gallons per minute
3 % foam calculation: 2826 X .03= 85
gpm
foam and 2826 – 85 =2741
gpm
water
2826 X 65 = 183,690 gallons (Total Flow)
Total Water required = 178,179 gallons
Total Foam required = 5511 gallons200 diameter 3.14 x r2(0.16)(65) 3.14 X 1002 = 31.400 x .16 = 5024 gallons per minute 3 % foam calculation: 5024 X .03= 151 gpm foam and 5024 – 151 = 4873 gpm water5024 X 65 = 326,560 gallons (Total Flow) Total Water required = 316,745 gallonsTotal Foam required = 9815 gallons Slide42
Risk Analysis
Life Safety
Water supply This is most important!ExposuresIncident Command structurePublic InformationNotifications
Develop Operational Plan
Are we in a hurry?Slide43
An Incident at one of these facilities will most likely require moving big waterSlide44
Truck Scenario Slide45
Trucks
Average 9000-11500 gallonsSlide46
DOT 111
33,000 gallons (normally only Crude or similar products in Maine / no gasoline or ethanol) Slide47
VIDEO
Click on for VideoSlide48
Calculations Spill Fires
Hydrocarbon Spill (
AFFF)Basic equation: Area x Flow Rate x Run Time in Minutes (AFFF)(L x W) x (0.16)(15)
Example: 25 x 40 Spill
25 X 40 = 1000 X .16 = 160
gpm
flow
Total Foam Concentrate required = 2400 gallons
5 gallons of foam per minute for a total of 75 gallons
Total water required = 2325 gallons
2 Handlines at 126
gpmSlide49
Calculations Spill Fires
Polar Solvent Spill (Ethanol) (AR-
AFFF)Basic equation: Area x Flow Rate x Run Time in Minutes (AFFF)(L x W) x (0.30
)(15)
Example: 25 x 40 Spill
25 X 40 = 1000 X .30 = 300
gpm
flow
Total Foam Concentrate required = 4500 gallons
9 gallons of foam per minute for a total of 135 gallons
Total water required = 4365 gallons
3 Handlines (each at 125gpm) Slide50
Truck Fire Scenario Flow Calculations
Based on 3 – 1 3/4 hand lines
125 gpm each 3% AFFF or AR-AFFF15 minute application rate 375 gallons of solution x 15 minutes 170 Gallons Foam
5455 Gallons Water Slide51
Out of Town Foam Response
2014-01
To: All PersonnelDate: February 26, 2014From: Chief Guimond
Subject: Out of Town Petroleum Response
When we receive a mutual aid request for a petroleum emergency, spill or fire, the following shall be the
running assignment.
Engine 5 and the duty chief will respond immediately to the scene. They will give a report, establish a
water supply, and request any additional resources. Our job is foam application and technical assistance.
(If Engine 5 is using Truck 1 take Engine 3)
Engine 8 will be responsible for sending the Prime Mover to Cash Corner to pick up the foam trailer with additional AFFF foam, or Gulf’s trailer for AR-AFFF foam dependant on product involved. The prime Mover and trailer will respond to the scene as a team with Engine 8, Engine 6 (500 gallons AFFF), and Engine 2 with (500 gallons of AR-AFFF). Response: Engine 5, Engine 8, Engine 6, Engine 2, PM-2 with foam trailer Duty ChiefUnits will meet at Central and respond as a group other than Engine 5 and Duty Chief Engine 1 and truck 1 will be in service with call back crews to provide coverage within the city (An all hands should be requested by the duty chief if a long term commitment is anticipated)Engine 3 will be put in service to cover Cash CornerSquad 4 will be moved to central to cover and organize any additional resources needed.Truck 2 will be put in serviceSlide52
QUESTIONS