Alkaloids and Heterocyclic Compounds Alkaloids Alkaloids are a class of basic and cyclic organic compounds naturally occurring consist of carbon hydrogen mainly and nitrogen and usually oxygen ID: 1014873
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Alkaloids and Heterocyclic Compounds." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Alkaloids and Heterocyclic Compounds.
2. Alkaloids and Heterocyclic Compounds. AlkaloidsAlkaloids are a class of basic and cyclic organic compounds, naturally occurring consist of carbon, hydrogen mainly, and nitrogen and usually oxygen. Alkaloids
3. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are primarily found in plants so their functions are mainly in plant metabolism, catabolism, and plant physiology.
4. Alkaloids are also used as Pharmacological drugs due to its treatment activities. Malaria is one of the world’s most dangerous parasitic disease and a major public health challenge, especially in Africa. Alkaloid Antimalarial drug Quinine is used to treat malaria.
5. Quinine is used to treat malaria caused by mosquito bites in countries where malaria is common. This medication is used to kill the malaria parasites living inside red blood cells.Malaria parasiteDamaged red blood cellsMalaria parasite attack red blood cells
6. Omacetaxine is a plant alkaloid with antitumor properties originally identified nearly 42 years ago, it has a unique mechanism of action by preventing the initial elongation step of protein synthesis. It has been used widely in China for the treatment of leukemia.
7. Heterocyclic Compound: Heterocycles are cyclic organic compounds those having five- or six-membered rings and containing heteroatoms of nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S) and at least one carbon atom in their structure. Uric acid is one of important heterocyclic compounds. FOR SEEN ONLY
8. The importance of Heterocyclic compounds in life:Heterocyclic compounds are distributed in nature and essential for life; they play a role in the metabolism of all living cells.
9. Uric acid and genetic material DNA is also composed of heterocyclic bases-pyrimidines and purines. Hemoglobin structures, Amino acids, Hormones, Vitamins and Antibiotics. FOR SEEN ONLYHemoglobin
10. Classification OF Heterocyclic Compounds:Heterocyclic compounds classification depend on ring size and classified into:- 1-The five membered heterocyclic compounds.2-The Six membered heterocyclic compounds.
11. 1-The five membered heterocyclic compounds: Consist of five cyclic compounds having one heteroatom example Furan.2-The Six membered heterocyclic compounds:They are consist of six cyclic compounds having one or more than one heteroatom example PyridinePyridineFuran
12. Introduction To Some Heterocyclic Compounds:-1-Heterocyclic Indole Ring:Type of heterocyclic compound which, contain Indole group. Indole ring is present in the amino acid Tryptophan. Tryptophan is a building unit of proteins. Indole ring Tryptophan
13. INDOMETHACIN is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by blocking the body's production of certain natural substances that cause inflammation. This effect helps to decrease swelling by Inhibit Pain in joint diseases and treat gout and pain.
14. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that serves several important purposes, likeNitrogen balance in adults.Growth in infants. It is essential to creates the neurotransmitter serotonin.
15. SerotoninSerotonin Function: It’s a hormone act as neurotransmitter between the nervous cells, its function in the central nervous system(CNS) It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, and include the mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.FOR SEEN ONLY
16. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including memory and learning, but in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Serotonin is used to regulate intestinal movements.
17. Where can you found Serotonin?Serotonin founds in mushrooms, fruits and vegetables. The highest values of 25–400 mg/kg have been found in nuts of the walnut. Serotonin concentrations of 3–30 mg/kg have been found in plantains, pineapples, banana, kiwifruit, plums, and tomatoes. walnut
18. Heterocyclic DNA & RNA:There are two types of nucleic acids which are polymers found in all living cells. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is found mainlyin the nucleus of the cell, while Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells.Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
19. Heterocycles are the major components of biological molecules such as DNA & RNA. DNA is without a doubt the most important macromolecule of life.In the nucleus DNA, contains genetic codes to make RNA and the RNA in turn then contains the codes for the primary sequence of amino acids to make proteins.
20. Heterocyclic Amines (Cytosine C, Thiamine T, Uracil U, Adenine A, and Guanine G) are Heterocyclic amines of DNA, & RNA are sometimes called nitrogen bases or simply bases. For convenience, you may remember, the list of heterocyclic amines in DNA by the words: The Amazing Gene Code (TAGC).
21. Nitrogenous bases present in the DNA can be grouped into two categories: 1. purines (Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)).2. pyrimidine (Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
22. Diseases Related with DNA Heterocyclic Compounds: Gout in humans: In humans DNA degraded. Breakdown occur by oxidation the final product of purine metabolism is Uric acid. Uric acid is normally cleaned out of the blood by the kidneys, and passes out of the body along with urine.
23. In severe disorder of purine metabolism, Xanthine oxidized to Uric Acid crystals and deposited in joints as monosodium urate causing acute arthritis joint inflammation, and uric acid is excreted in urine.
24. What Causes Gout?Gout seems to be related to: - Changes in hormones. - Alcohol. - Hereditary influence. - Thiazide diuretics. - Purine rich foods (meat).24
25. Heterocyclic amine formation in meat: There is a relation between intakes of heterocyclic amines and cancers of the colon, rectum, breast, prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach. Animal feeding experiments support a causal relationship. Figure-10:Rectum cancer
26. Sulfur Sulfur is a Heterocyclic Compound. Sulfur is one of the chemical elements. Sulfur is an octal sulfur (S8) present in a core structure. It is needed for many biochemical functions and as elemental macronutrient for all organisms. Sulfur is an essential element for all life. FOR SEEN ONLY
27. Sulfur is present in many compounds includingThree amino acids Cysteine, Cystine, and Methionine. 2. two vitamins Biotin and Thiamine. 3. Many cofactors in metabolism reactions such as Glutathione. Disulfides, S–S bonds in Cystine, confirm mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, and hair. FOR SEEN ONLY
28. Using of Sulfur as Pharmaceuticals:Sulfur is used in:1- Pharmaceutical skin preparations for the treatment of acne.2- Kills bacteria, fungi, scabies mites and other parasites. 3- Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, as lotions, creams, powders, & soaps, so sulfur-containing antibiotics.
29. The effect and pollution of Sulfur: Elemental sulfur is non-toxic, as are most of the soluble sulfate salts, soluble sulfate salts are poorly absorbed. When injected they are freely filtered by the kidneys and eliminated with very little toxicity.
30. When sulfur burns in air, it produces sulfur dioxide. In water, this gas produces sulfurous acid and sulfites; sulfites are antioxidants that inhibit growth of aerobic bacteria and a useful food additive in small amounts. At high concentrations these acids harm the lungs, eyes or other tissues.