Mindy Chang MPH DVM City Harvest Evaluation Dept November 2014 Disclosure I have no relationships to declare 2 Introduction Obesity 349 786 million US adults are obese 1 Disproportionately affect groups with the highest poverty rates ID: 756912
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Slide1
Effect of price, variety, and caloric cost on food purchases in corner stores in NYC
Mindy Chang, MPH, DVM
City Harvest Evaluation Dept.
November 2014Slide2
Disclosure
I have no relationships to declare
2Slide3
Introduction
Obesity
34.9% (78.6 million) U.S. adults are obese
1
Disproportionately affect groups with the highest poverty rates
2In NYC, 22% are obese3Rates of obesity increases as poverty increases4 15.7% with highest income are obese26.8% with lowest income are obeseFood environment of low-income neighborhoodsPredominantly corner stores5 Charge higher prices for healthier food6Limited availability of fruits and vegetables7Primarily offer inexpensive snack foods8Candy, fried snacksSugar sweetened beveragePackaged bakery productPresence of corner stores associated with increased risk of obesity9
3Slide4
Introduction
City Harvest Healthy Corner Store program
Work with corner stores to encourage
Expansion of produce sales
Expansion of healthy choices in stores
Question: What factors will affect customer purchases
4Slide5
Methods
Inventory of corner stores (n=29)
List varieties of produce, potato chips and candy
List prices of produce, potato chips and candy
List sizes of potato chips and candy
Customer surveys (n=437)
What do you purchase most often from corner storesHow far is supermarket, corner store and fast food restaurant from where you liveDid you notice food advertisementsPictures of ads present in 2 block radius around corner store5Slide6
Methods
Data collection
June 2013 to September 2014
Inventory of corner stores (n=29)
Bedford-Stuyvesant (n=11)
South Bronx (n=9)
Long Island City/Astoria (n=4)Stapleton (n=2)Washington Heights/Inwood (n=3)Customer surveys (n=437)Gender Female 45%Race/ethnicityBlack 41%Hispanic 36%Average age 41.3 years oldAverage education level: High school graduate/GED6Slide7
What are customers buying-food (n=437)
7Slide8
Factors that may affect corner store purchases
Distance to stores
Supermarket
C
orner stores
Fast food restaurants
Quality of produce available in corner storesNumber of varieties available of produce and snack foods at corner storesCost of produce and snack foods at corner storesAdvertisingSlide9
Factors that may affect purchases: Distance to stores
Distance to supermarkets, corner stores and fast food restaurants categorized as
Close (less than 3 blocks)
Medium (3 to 6 blocks)
Far (more than 6 blocks)
Store type
Range of blocks to storeAverage number of blocks to store (+/- stdev)Supermarket0-203.17 (+/-3.18)Corner store0-81.36 (+/-0.98)Fast food restaurant0-253.36 (+/-3.35)Slide10
Factors that may affect purchases: Distance to storesSlide11
Factors that may affect purchases: Distance to storeSlide12
Factors that may affect purchases: Quality of produce
Quality of produce
categorized as
Poor (1)
Fair (2)
Good (3)Slide13
Factors that may affect purchases: Quality of produce
% Customers who purchase fruits
% Customers
who purchase vegetablesSlide14
Factors that may affect purchases: Variety
Variety of produce, chips and candy available categorized as (based on
tertile
)
Low variety
Medium variety
High varietyFood typeRange of varietyAverage variety (+/- stdev)Fruit0-167.18 (+/-3.92)Vegetable0-209.28(+/-4.89)Potato chips0-4614.14 (+/-11.64)Candy0-165
38.48
(+/-33.57)Slide15
Factors that may affect purchases: Variety
*
*
*p <0.05Slide16
Factors that may affect purchases: Cost (per ounce)
Candy and potato chips are significantly more expensive
Contradictory to what customers are purchasing
Cost per
ounce of
produce, chips and candy available categorized as (based on
tertile)Low costMedium costHigh cost*p<0.05 significantly different compared to chips or candyFood typeRange of cost per ounceAverage cost per ounce (+/- stdev)Fruit$0.05-$0.34$0.12*(+/-0.04)Vegetable$0.04-$0.33$0.12*(+/-0.05)Potato chips$0.17-$1.00
$0.41
(+/-0.12)
Candy
$0.01-$1.25
$0.47
(+/-0.26)Slide17
Factors that may affect purchases: Cost (per ounce)
*p <0.05Slide18
Factors that may affect purchases: Cost (per calorie)
P
otato chips and candy is significantly cheaper per calorie
Cost per calorie of produce, chips and candy available categorized as (based on
tertile
)
Low costMedium costHigh cost$0.0043 +/- 0.0024 per calorie*p<0.05 significantly different compared to chips or candyFood typeRange of cost per calorieAverage cost per calorie (+/- stdev)
Fruit
0.33¢-7.14¢
1.76¢
(+/-1.233)
Vegetable
0.19¢-3.62¢
1.11¢*
(+/-0.53)
Potato chips
0.11¢-0.65¢
0.27¢
(+/-0.08)
Candy
0.09¢-1.15¢
0.43¢
(+/-0.24)Slide19
Factors that may affect purchases- Cost (per calorie)
*p <0.1
*Slide20
Factors that may affect purchases: Advertising
Number of advertisements of produce and fast foods chips in neighborhood
categorized as (based on
tertile
)
Low
number of adsMedium number of adsHigh number of adsAds for type of foodRange of number of ads seenAverage number of ads seenFruits and vegetables0-92.71Fast foods0-145.36Slide21
Factors that may affect purchases: Advertising
*Slide22
Conclusions
Factors that showed significant association with customer reported purchases from corner stores
Number of varieties available
Cost of produce (per calorie)
Factors that did not show any significant association
Distance to store
QualityAdvertisingProgram should focus on availability Increasing variety of fruits and vegetables soldWork with suppliers, retailers and policy makers to affect prices May be difficult to achieveSlide23
Limitations
Self-report
Sample size
437 customers
29 corner stores
Assessment of quality of produce
Subjective processNumber of varieties available of produceSeasonality not accounted forCost of produce at corner storesApproximation of produce based on average size and calorie content of produceAdvertisingOnly print ads present in neighborhoodMay not have captured all ads TV commercial ads not accounted forSlide24
Works cited
Centers for Disease and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity:
Adult Obesity Facts
. Accessed Nov 11, 2014.
www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
Arfken
CL, Houston CA. Obesity in inner-city African Americans. Ethn Healthy. 1996 Dec; 1(4): 317-26. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Obesity. Access Nov 11, 2014. www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/living/obesity.shtmlNew York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Community Health Survey (2012): public use dataset accessed on Nov 11, 2014. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/data/chs-data.shtmlCannuscio CC, Tappe K, Hillier A, Buttenheim A, Karpyn A, Glanz K. Urban food environments and residents shopping behaviors. Am J Prev Med. 2013; 45(5):606-614.Krukowski RA, West DS, Harvey-Berino J, Elaine Prewitt T. Neighborhood impact on healthy food availability and pricing in food stores. J Community Health. 2010; 35: 315-20.Leone AF, Rigby S, Betterley C, et al. Store type and demographic influence on the availability and price of healthful foods, Leon County, Floriday, 2008. Prev. Chronic Dis.. 2011; 8, A140.
Lucan SC,
Karpyn
A, Sherman S. Storing empty calories and chronic disease risk: Snack-food products, nutritive content and manufacturers in Philadelphia corner stores. J Urban Health. 2010; 287: 394-409.
Bodor
JN, Rice JC, Farley TA,
Swalm
CM, Rose D. The association between obesity and urban food environments. J Urban Health. 2010; 87(5):771-81.Slide25
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