4 River Valley Civilizations Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Tigris Euphrates Egyptian Civilization Nile River Valley upper and lower Nile Indus River Harrapan Mohenjo Daro Hwang He Yellow River later civilizations focused on both Yangtze and Yellow River ID: 538251
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Emergence of River Valley CivilizationsSlide2Slide3
4 River Valley Civilizations
Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia
Tigris
Euphrates
Egyptian Civilization
Nile River Valley (upper and lower Nile)
Indus River
Harrapan
Mohen-jo Daro
Hwang He
Yellow River later civilizations focused on both Yangtze and Yellow River
First dynasty is Xia then ShangSlide4
Nile River Valley
Because of its geography Egypt developed to become a peaceful civilization with a higher standard of living. People as individuals were treated with more respect here than in other civilizations of the time.
The Nile River Valley is Surrounded on Four Sides by Natural Barriers
Red Sea to the East
Desert to the West
Mediterranean to the North
Mountains to the SouthSlide5
“Gifts of the Nile”
Predictable floodingMild flooding therefore able to use river for irrigation
Prevailing winds made trade possible both north and south on the river
Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone & limestone used for building
Silt deposits rich for farming
papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets, paperSlide6
Major Pharaohs of Egypt
Menes-
United upper and lower Egypt in 3100 BC
Ramses II –
Defeated the Hittites and returned Egypt to Egyptian rule.
Nefertiti -
influential wife of Amenhotep, mother-in-law to Tutkanamon.
Amenhotep (later called Akhenaton)-
moved the capital and changed worship from polytheism to monotheism. The main god became Amon Ra and only the royal family could worship him.
Tutkanhamon-
young Pharaoh found with his tomb intact.
Hatshepsut –
female Pharaoh who stabilized Egypt, built many new structures which provided work for many.
Cleopatra –
last Pharaoh of EgyptSlide7
Rosetta Stone
We didn’t know as much about Egypt until the mid-1800s after the Rosetta Stone was allowed us to decipher the hieroglyphics of Egypt
Napoleon’s officer discovered the Rosetta Stone (late 1700s)
Deciphered by Champanion in early 1800sSlide8Slide9
Fertile Crescent
Deserts and mountains surround the Fertile Crescent to the north but because grass grew on these mountains it attracted wandering tribes who often attacked those living in the River Valley.
City-states protected and isolated each groupSlide10
Natural Boundaries Unfavorable
Both rivers overflow in an unpredictable mannerThe time of year could not be predicted.
The magnitude of turbulence of the flooding could not be predicted.
The area is called a "crossroad" because everyone who traveled or traded between Europe, Africa, and Asia traveled through this region, sometimes taking what they wantedSlide11
Mesopotamian Trade
“The Cuneiform World”Slide12Slide13Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17Slide18Slide19
Gave rise to multiple empires within the general region that controlled different territory but had similar cultureSlide20
Assyria and its rivalsSlide21
The First Empire Builder
Invasion and conquest were prominent features of the ancient Middle East. About 2300 BC,
Sargon
, the ruler of neighboring Akkad, invaded and conquered the city-states of Sumer. He built the first empire known to history.
Akkad (in green)Slide22
Cuneiform:
“Wedge-Shaped” WritingSlide23
Cuneiform WritingSlide24
Hammurabi’s CodeBabylonian
Stele or Stela Hammurabi282
CuneiformSlide25
Assyrian (1st Empire)
911 BCE – 612 BCESlide26
Middle Kingdom
Himalayas, Kunlun Shan, Tian ShanGobi desertPacific Ocean to east
rivers
Hwang Hu (Yellow),
Chang Jiang (Yangtze),
Xi Jiang (West)
yellow silt &favorable climate make good farmingSlide27
Ancient Dynasties
Mandate of HeavenXia (first)
2100 BCE – 1800 BCE
Shang
1500BCE- 1100BCE
Mandate of Heaven
Zhou
(longest)1100BCE – 256BCE
Confucianism during Axial Age
(ca. 500 BCE)
Qin
(Chin)
China gets its name from this dynastySlide28
Mandate of Heaven
Zhou DynastyFamily of rulers that have the approval of the ancestorsDynastic Cycle has added element much like a divine monarch creates a theocracy yet as earthly events appear and have a negative impact then it is assumed that the emperor has lost the approval of the ancestors and they have created the environmentSlide29
Are you Sleeping?
Shang, Zhou, Qin, HanShang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Manchu
Yuan, Ming, Manchu
Mao Zedong
Mao ZedongSlide30
Confucianism and Scholarly-Gentry
Creates balance
Yin and Yang
Filial piety is the final link in the chain of continuity of the civilizationSlide31
Indus River Valley
HarappanMohenjo-Daro
subcontinent of Asia: water on east and west, mountain ranges on north
Hindu Kush and Himalayas
southwest monsoon brings heavy rain and flooding
enriched soil, but sometimes great erosionSlide32
Ancient Geographic Divisions in South AsiaSlide33
Cities of the IndusSlide34
Mohenjo-Daro“Mound of the Dead”Slide35
Indus River Valley
Destructionwell-planned, citadels, grid of streets
clay brick houses, plumbing with sewer system
bronze and copper tools, gold and silver jewels, clay pots, spun and woven cloth Slide36
Development of Region
Early Food Producing Era (ca. 7000-5500 BC) Regionalization Era, (5500-2600 BC) Regional cultural development
Subdivided into various eras
Emergence of an Early Indus state ca. 2800 BCE and urbanization ca. 2600 BCESlide37
Drains & Sewer SystemsSlide38
Successors to the region
Vedic Era - HinduismAryans
Rajas
Indo-Europeans
Caste System
- called Varna which translates to color in the ancient language)
Jati – sub-castesSlide39
Aryan Invasion Theory
Sometime between 2500 and 1800 BCEAryans began moving into India
Apparently NOT the cause of the fall of Indus Civilization
Farmers without written language
Used Khyber PassSlide40
Political and Social Systems
Tribe led by chief and tribal councilTribes formed small states
Each state ruled by king and council of warriors
Aryans looked down on conquered people
Laws against marriage of Aryans with original valley dwellers
Men permitted more than one wife
Sons expected to be warriors and perform ritual at fathers funeralSlide41
Economic System
Mostly farmersBarley major cropMost owned their landHandicrafts in villages
System of barter for goods
Cattle later used as moneySlide42
Historical Geography
Environmental determinism – the manner in which humans and the environment interact.Man and his culture are shaped by their environment and while technology allows them to adapt, their underlying characteristics have already been shaped by their environment
Systems within a civilization are influenced by the environment
Humans change and adapt their environment with technology
Technology are methods that are used by man or man’s attempt “to overcome his environment”
Possibilism is a different theory that holds that there is an interdependence between humans and their physical environment and that while the environment sets certain constraints, culture is shaped by manSlide43
Olmec- 3500-2500 BCE- site La Venta
Two environments & Agricultural methods
Slash and burn agriculture- forested uplands
Irrigation riverine agriculture- riverine lowlands- u-shaped stone drain lines.
2 or more crops per year
Maize, beans, squash
Lowland riverine populous became the elite
Chiefdom societies- with centers populated at circa 1000 each- rulers, elite, craftspersons
Writing system but un-deciphered though indications of counting system- Maya used same counting system so this aspect is translatable.
Items of trade
Highlands- obsidian, jade and Magnetite, cacao (drink for nobility)
Lowlands- mollusk, turtle shell, sharks teeth, and pottery
4 major redistribution/ceremonial centers-
San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapates, and Laguna de los Cerros
Classic Maya- 2000- 800 BCE- sites Copan & Palenque Slide44
Classic cultures of the AmericasSlide45
Yin and Yang
The light color area which indicates more sunlight is called Yang (Sun).
The dark color area has less sunlight (more moonlight) and is called Yin (Moon).
Yang is like man. Yin is like woman. Yang wouldn't grow without Yin. Yin couldn't give birth without Yang.
Yin is born (begins) at Summer Solstice and Yang is born (begins) at Winter Solstice.
Therefore one little circle Yin is marked on the Summer Solstice position. Another little circle Yang is marked on the Winter Solstice position.
These two little circles look like two fish eyes.
http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/yinyang.htm
Slide46
The Spread of Bantu