Lecturer Daniel Paa Korsah danielpaakorsahhotmailcom Learning Outcomes danielpaakorsahhotmailcom 61 Visual and ObjectOriented Paradigms 62 ObjectOriented Programming 621 What is a Class ID: 1005836
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1. Special Features of Authoring Systems-ILecturer: Daniel Paa Korsahdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
2. Learning Outcomes:danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com6.1 Visual and Object-Oriented Paradigms6.2 Object-Oriented Programming6.2.1 What is a Class?6.2.2 What is an Object? 6.2.3 What is a Method? 6.3 Benefits of Object-Oriented Programming
3. Learning Outcomes:danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com6.4 Four Principles of Object-Oriented ProgrammingInheritanceEncapsulation AbstractionPolymorphism6.5. Visual and Object-Oriented Programming Environment
4. Visual and Object-Oriented Programming ParadigmsWhat is Computer Programming? danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
5. Computer ProgrammingThe process that professionals use to write code (statements) that instructs how a computer, application or software program performsdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.comCode
6. What is a Programming Language? Computer programming languages are used to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands. Just as many human-based languages exist, there are an array of computer programming languages that programmers can use to create software. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
7. What is a Programming Language? The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, Pascal, Visual Basic, VBA etc.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
8. Types of Programming LanguagesTwo main types – Low Level and High Level programming LanguagesA low-level language contains basic instructions recognized by a computer.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
9. Low Level Languages include – Machine Language and Assembly Languagedanielpaakorsah@hotmail.comTypes of Programming Languages
10. High Level Programming LanguagesHigh-level languages are easier to understand by humans and are less complex than machine codedanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
11. High and Low Level Languagesdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
12. Types of Programming LanguagesThere are several types of High Level Programming Languages: Procedural Programming Language Functional Programming LanguageScripting Programming LanguageVisual Programming LanguageObject-oriented Programming Language etc. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
13. Types of Programming LanguagesProcedural Programming Language – Uses procedures. Procedures simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
14. Types of Programming LanguagesFunctional Programming Language - functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
15. Types of Programming LanguagesScripting Programming Language - Scripting languages are often used for short scripts over full computer programs. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
16. Visual Programming LanguagesVisual Programming Language - This type of language allows users to create programs by manipulating elements graphically rather than writing them in text format.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
17. Visual Programming Languagesdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
18. Visual Programming LanguagesA VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols, used either as elements of syntax. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
19. Visual Programming LanguagesFor example, many VPLs (known as dataflow or diagrammatic programming) are based on the idea of "boxes and arrows", where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines or arcs which represent relations.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
20. Visual Oriented Paradigmsdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.comScratch is an example of a Visual-Oriented Programming Language
21. Visual Programming LanguagesVisual programming environments provide graphical or iconic elements which can be manipulated by users in an interactive way according to some specific spatial grammar (shapes) for program construction.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
22. Object-Oriented Languages A programming model that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
23. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) It is a fundamental programming paradigm used by nearly every developer at some point in their career.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
24. Object-Oriented ProgrammingThere are many object-oriented programming languages including Visual Basic in Applications (VBA), C++ Java, and Python.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
25. Object-Oriented ProgrammingIt is used to structure a software program into simple, reusable pieces of code blueprints (usually called classes), which are used to create individual instances of objects. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
26. What is a Class? Class are a blueprint or a set of instructions to build a specific type of object.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
27. What is a Class? It is a basic concept of Object-Oriented Programming which revolve around the real-life entities. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
28. What is a Class? Classes determines how an object will behave and what the objects will contain.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.comObject
29. What is an Object? An object can be defined as a data field that has unique attributes and behavior.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
30. MethodsA method defines the behavior of the objects that are created from the class.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
31. Methoddanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
32. More about Classes, Objects and Methodsdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
33. What is a Class?A class is a blueprint for an object to be created. A class itself does nothing but using classes you can create multiple identical objects that can perform operations or can be used as a data resource.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
34. What is a Class?In real life, the model (design and functionalities) of a car is a class and the car itself is an object of that class. In the class, we define what the car has in it and what it can do. For example, a car has 4 wheels, 5 gears, steering wheel, etc.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
35. What is an ObjectOften an "object" in a computer program tries to model a real world entity. For example a "car" could be modeled in a computer by information about the size, number of doors, engine, color, etc. of a car. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
36. What is a Method? A method in object-oriented programming is a procedure associated with a class. A method defines the behavior of the objects that are created from the class. Another way to say this is that a method is an action that an object is able to perform. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
37. MethodFor example: start_car() would "simulate" turning the engine on, break() would simulate slowing the car down, are methods for a car object.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
38. The interface between the car object and the rest of the program (or world) would be the putlic methods which are allowed on the car. For example, turn wheel left, turn wheel right, step on gas. We don't know (nor do we care) how these function work, just so long as the car does know and responds appropriately to each function call.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
39. What is a Method? For example, a Window object could have methods such as open and close, while its state (whether it is open or closed at any given point in time) would be a propertydanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
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42. Benefits of Object-Oriented Programming 1. Object-Oriented Programming models complex things as reproducible, simple structures2. Reusable, OOP objects can be used across programsdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
43. Benefits of Object-Oriented Programming 3. Allows for class-specific behavior through polymorphism4. Easier to debug, classes often contain all applicable information to them5. Secure, protects information through encapsulationdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
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45. Four Pillars of Object-Oriented ProgrammingInheritanceEncapsulationAbstractionPolymorphism danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
46. InheritanceChild classes inherit data and behaviors from parent classdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
47. InheritanceInheritance is a word that consists of the word “Inherit”, which means “To Derive”So, Inheritance is defined as the tendency of one class to derive properties and characteristics from other classesdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
48. How Does Inheritance make Working so Easy?with the help of inheritance, we need not create and define data members and functions repeatedly. We code once in a class, and they can inherit all properties of data members and functions in the subsequent subclass. This feature also helps in effective dynamic programming.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
49. EncapsulationContaining information in an object, exposing only selected information. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
50. Encapsulation Encapsulation is one of the fundamentals of OOP (object-oriented programming). It refers to the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
51. EncapsulationEncapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class, preventing unauthorized parties’ direct access to themdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
52. Encapsulation is a good idea for several reasonsEncapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class, preventing unauthorized parties’ direct access to them.Encapsulation means you should limit the access and visibility of a variable or function to as little as possibledanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
53. PolymorphismPolymorphism: having multiple forms. Poly – many. Morphism - formsdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
54. PolymorphismMany methods can do the same task. Polymorphism refers to codes, operations or objects that behave differently in different contexts danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
55. PolymorphismPolymorphism is the property of something having many forms. Polymorphism is the concept that different objects have different implementations of the same characteristic. For example, consider two objects, one representing a Porsche 911 and the other a Toyota Corolla. danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
56. PolymorphismThey are both cars; that is, they both derive from the Car class, and they both have a drive method, but the implementations of the methods could be drastically different.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
57. PolymorphismPolymorphism sounds a great deal like encapsulation, but it is different. Encapsulation has to do with hiding the internal implementation of an object. Polymorphism has to do with multiple classes having the same interfacedanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
58. Polymorphismdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
59. AbstractionOnly exposing high level public methods for accessing an objectdanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
60. AbstractionAbstraction is one of the key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) languages. Its main goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary details from the user. That enables the user to implement more complex logic on top of the provided abstraction without understanding or even thinking about all the hidden complexity.danielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
61. The benefits of abstraction are Simple, high level user interfacesComplex code is hiddenSecurityEasier software maintenanceCode updates rarely change abstractiondanielpaakorsah@hotmail.com
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