3456789776x 3 0755 Title Design Quality in Architecture and Construction Research The issue of design quality in construction projects has long been a major concern for design p ID: 835032
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !!!!!!!Toomaj Ghalandar Zehi Jalalabad % ""!345678!9:!);7=;7!6&#x 3 0;755 Title: Design Quality in Architecture and Construction Research The issue of design quality in construction projects has long been a major concern for design professionals (Gann et al. 2003). The emphasis on improvement of processes in construction in order to manage or reduce Òcost, time and wasteÓ in pr
2 ojects, at times has led to concerns (
ojects, at times has led to concerns (Rnn 2010, Slaughter 2004). Therefore, itÕs difficult for building designers, to structure design solutions that could guarantee the achievement of such ambiguous concept (Rnn 2010). !*%*,!%(1!.#()*"%.*'#(! ! I would like to thank my supervisor Tina Karrbom Gustavsson, who guided m ett igenknnbart stt har visat sig utmanande (Rnn 2010). I huvudsak pverkas det mnskliga bet
3 eendet utver den fysiska miljn ven av
eendet utver den fysiska miljn ven av den sociala kontexten som finns inom den fysiska miljn (Vischer 2008). Dessa utmaningar strcker sig vidare till bedmning, vrdering och mtning av designkvaliter och faststllande av relevanta kriterier fr dem (Rnn 2010, Slaughter 2004). Drfr r det svrt fr byggnadsdesigners att konstruera Det har mjliggjort fr mig att integrera de studerade elementen av designkv
4 alit i min tankeprocess och
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10 -2 ;E!=%$%$!8+43.44+7?!'()!,2*)!2;!-,3(
-2 ;E!=%$%$!8+43.44+7?!'()!,2*)!2;!-,3(+')3'!-78!:.+*8+7?!8)4+?7),4!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !!!! !"#$%&'()*(+,%'-./0%1-,2(3#045'-/,.(#,.(617 t is difficult to structure design solutions that could guarantee the achievement of an ambiguous concept such as design quality (2010). This difficulty further extends to judgement, assessment and measurement of design quality, and setting out the
11 relevant criteria for them !"#$%&'(8*(9
relevant criteria for them !"#$%&'(8*(9&%"-. 5-.&!U%&$Q+%T"+ST%&T%VQ%W&XT'Y%,,K purposive sample in which the central concepts, topics and articles within the subject have been selected (Randolph 2009). As deemed necessary, the literature review started with an exploratory search for information in the literature and on the topic of design quality in architecture and construction research (Svejvig and Andersen 2015).
12 +FGHIJ!(!6FKJIQKHIJ!I
+FGHIJ!(!6FKJIQKHIJ!IJRFJS! literature, ÔwhatÕ the topic contains relate to one another and therefore provide an overview of the subject matter. This step was necessary for the degree project as obtaining a better understanding regarding the subject could create a framework for the literature review and allowed it to be conducted in an informed manner. 5-.-5&]3%V%$'XQ*R&@%"TYU&@+T"+%R[ research and was ca
13 rried out through KTH libraryÕs Primo da
rried out through KTH libraryÕs Primo database. 5-.-:&])'*Y%X+&;"XXQ*R_: During the briefsearch19 articles were selected, and a number of key articles were identified and thoroughly reviewed (Rowley and Slack 2004). Through examining the main text of the articles some key terms and concepts were identified as highly relevantto the degree projectÕs topic and research questions (Rowley and Slack 2004). In *"T[SRTVS[!,[#"[\1R
14 ST!&+X[WT"]^"W_!T`[!1SUab[c8[#[bUd"W_!4[
ST!&+X[WT"]^"W_!T`[!1SUab[c8[#[bUd"W_!4[RSZ`!4TSRT[_^3UWZ[dT!Rdd"W_3UUd[SfY!'RgUWUc^!U]!*"T[SRTVS[!,[#"[\ RYVS"W_!8[Y"_W!BVRb"T^8[Y"_W! Literature Review o d to the project topic, the number was reduced to regarding wherever possible, it has been tried to prioritize equality and diversity in data collection. Secondly architectural background, and despite my best attempts to remain neutral during the literature review pr
15 ocess, the degree project may have inevi
ocess, the degree project may have inevitably been affected by the interest of the author in the field of architecture and design (Randolph 2009). The balance of may certainly be articles with valuable content, and relevant to the subject or one of the four main categorizations of the project, that have been missed or have not been used because they would not fit the scope of the degree project. Going further into detail i
16 n each of the themes mentioned previousl
n each of the themes mentioned previously, requires more time and resources. ¥%The research articles available regarding the definition of design quality and its elements, especially in architecture, have proved to be very limited in number. They also lacked the diversity needed in order to establish clear links between multiple researcherÕs work and findings, !"#$%&'(:*(;"&-'&%10#(='#7&#x 3 0;&-'4(This chapter explains th
17 e theories and concepts that are associa
e theories and concepts that are associated with the topic of design quality in architecture and construction research. They are categorized into four parts: 1. The general theories surrounding design quality 2. Industry-specific theories 3. Views and approaches towards design quality 4.the quality-value link and design quality assessment MIH!&#x 3 0;*7!07=784B!&#x 3 0;*79875!)J889J=C=D!175D=!NJ4B6O!:-.-.&)'*Y%X+&'(&=QRU&AS
18 "$Q+[&Eley (2004) sets the concept of hi
"$Q+[&Eley (2004) sets the concept of high quality with generality, in adherence to a number of criteria which could be interpreted as follows: ¥%Adhering to required standards, be it general or specific ¥%Showing evident results for claimed ambitions ¥%The state of being functional, durable and high performing 3%,QR*&",&"*&7T+^&Those theorists who see design as an art, claim that design cannot be bound to any methodolo
19 gy at all (Stempfle and Badke-Schaub 200
gy at all (Stempfle and Badke-Schaub 2002). They consider design as a work of art, in which any desired methodology or combination of methods by the designer, can be applied in the process with the designerÕs justification (Stempfle and Badke-Schaub 2002). They see design as an activity requiring continuous reflection on oneÕs own work, leaving the decision making to designers themselvesto eventually refine the work of art
20 exactly the role of design management is
exactly the role of design management is, it has proved challenging for researchers to achieve conclusive results on the link between Òquality of design processÓ, Òdesign managementÓ and Òquality of the productÓ. However, according to Emmitt (2010) MIK!'=CJ568O!)P7;!*&#x; -2;&#x 000;7985!!:-5-.&3%,QR*&AS"$Q+[&"*Z&!U%&0%%Z&('T&)'\\S*QY"+Q'* MIM!Q7A5!4=C!%PP894;&#x 2 0;75!69!175D=!NJ4B6O!:-:-.&7XXT'"YU%,&+'&3%,QR*&AS"$Q+[!Gan
21 n and Whyte (2003, pp.314-315) identify
n and Whyte (2003, pp.314-315) identify three approaches in achieving design quality: ÒJudgement basedÓ, ÒManage and measureÓ and ÒRational-adaptiveÓ :-:-.-.&]JSZR%\%*+H#",%Z&"XXT'"YU^N&7TYUQ+%Y+,K&&#x 3 0;*RQ*%%T,&"*Z&6SQ$Z%T, impartiality lead the way in Z[WTS"Z!'`[US^8[Y"_W!BVbR"T^!-YY[YYc[WTBVRb"T^G/RbV[!*"We +FGHIJ!]!2OJ!IQKFT!TW!^UTMKM!_J`LJNXFKHIJa!FN
JIWTIVQNUJ"!�IQSN
lear and tangible feeling of them (Macmillan 2006). This can create uncertain conditions, for those making design and construction investment decisions to Òplace value on the intangibleÓ (Macmillan 2006, p.264). In order to understand the intangible and achieve design quality in both architecture and construction projects there is an inevitable need for communication at every level (Macmillan 2006, Thomson et al. 2003). Tho
24 mson et al. (2003) state the need for st
mson et al. (2003) state the need for structured dialogue in construction industry, and claim that for the communication to be interpreted correctly by project stakeholders, ÒvalueÓ and its associated factors in delivery, need to be defined in a consistent manner. This would allow the exchange of commonly clarified information and coherent communication regarding the subject matter (Thomson its owner, adding owner judgemen
25 t to the previous equation (Thomson et a
t to the previous equation (Thomson et al. 2003). Dewulf and van Meel (2004) claim that in todayÕs construction industry all professionals involved in the projects need to ensure and ÒjustifyÓ the value they are providing to their clients. Thomson et al. (2003) make a clear distinction between ÒvalueÓ and ÒvaluesÓ and claims values are associated with an individual or organizationÕs judgement. Therefore, values are seen as
26 preconceived notions, related to oneÕs b
preconceived notions, related to oneÕs beliefs or an organizationÕs adopted G-5-:&/*+%TT%$"+Q'*,&'(&AS"$Q+[&"*Z&E"$S%&"*Z&3Q((QYS$+Q%,&Q*&7,,%,,\%*+&"*Z&;%",ST%\%*+&'(&3%,QR*&AS"$Q+[&Rnn (2017, p.74) Claims that quality in architecture is often judged and defined based on design criteria that are Òvalue-chargedÓ. The values that are deemed good and desirable, which could vary from on perceptual and physical elements of qu
27 ality, and in principle addressing the s
ality, and in principle addressing the subjectivity of quality (Dewulf and van Meel 2004). However, the tool has been criticized in terms of its ÒmethodologyÓ as well as its applicability in construction projects (Dewulf and van Meel, 2004). G-5-L&)'*,Q,+Q*R&�$%\%*+,&'(&3%,QR*&AS"$Q+[&/*ZQY"+'T,&Design quality indicators make use of data gathering through a questionnaire, that considers designers and users the buildi
28 ng (Gann et al. 2003). Gann et al. (2003
ng (Gann et al. 2003). Gann et al. (2003, p325) clarifies that there are essentially four main sections to the questionnaire: ÒRespondentÓ, ÒFunctionÓ, ÒImpactÓ and ÒBuild QualityÓ ¥%Respondent: Collecting data about the participant as well as the building type (Gann et al. 2003). ¥%Function: Collecting information on the function of the building focusing on ÒUseÓ, ÒAccessÓ as well as ÒSpaceÓ (Gann et al. 2003, p.325). ¥%Im
29 pact: Collecting information on building
pact: Collecting information on building impact consisting: Òform and materialsÓ, Òinternal environmentÓ, Òurban and social integrationÓ, and Òcharacter and innovationÓ (Gann et al. 2003 G-5-M&3%,QR*&AS"$Q+[&"*ZK&CT'`%Y+&9'"$,K&1%eSQT%\%*+,K&@Y'X%&"*Z&DS*Y+Q'*&Project goals at management level, could be those related to ÒtimeÓ, ÒbudgetÓ, quality in ÒfunctionalityÓ, Òtechnical specificationÓ, ÒsafetyÓ and ÒsustainabilityÓ (L
30 iu and Walker 1998, p.213). Project requ
iu and Walker 1998, p.213). Project requirements e considered (Zemke and Pullman 2008). Lindahl and Ryd (2007) state the fact that the scope of a project could vary for different project actors. For the user, this is ÒcontinuousÓ or ÒpermanentÓ while for a construction firm this would-be project based (Lindahl and Ryd 2007). The developer has to consider quality in the project requirements in order to be able to sell/let t
31 hem (Kometa required qualities of the p
hem (Kometa required qualities of the projects (Thomson ÒpoliticalÓ one (Newcombe 2003). ItÕs believed that ÒcultureÓ has unifying capacities within the projects, while ÒpoliticsÓ of a project could prove, power or interest related and therefore result in disagreements (Newcombe 2003). RIR!29A78V!'=6787565!4=C!289U7;6!)68J;6J875!=!175D=!NJ4B6O!Rnn (2017) claims that power and interests play an important role in the sect
32 or regarding architectural quality. Òpow
or regarding architectural quality. ÒpowerÓ is the mean by which stakeholders exert their influence throughout the project, whether the aim is to change project direction or keep things as they are (Newcombe 2003). In essence, Thyssen projectÕs design and function, as well as the expected ÒserviceÓ, could vary from one to another (Lindahl and Ryd 2007). G-G-5&7TYUQ+%Y+,&�*RQ*%%T,"*Z&)'*,+TSY+Q'*&;"*"R%T,&Architects
33 and engineers who design the building a
and engineers who design the building are believed to have relative power and influence based on their expertise (Slaughter, 2004). Although they have a tendency to use bespoke solutions in order to create a distinguished design, but their power is limited because most of the time sustainability of their business demands them to adhere to project requirements set out by the owner (Slaughter, 2004). Depending on the nat
34 ure of project organization construction
ure of project organization construction managers could be responsible to deliver the agreed outcome to both clients as well as the end-user (Lindahl and Ryd 2007 -G-:&4,%T,&f&2YYSX"*+,&The building users (occupants)Õs power in influencing design quality and value is fairly varied as some occupants such as those who purchase space within a building have the capacity to choose a building based on their interests (Slaughter,
35 2004). Therefore, whether directly or in
2004). Therefore, whether directly or indirectly users would influence design quality, other than those who are perceived to temporarily use the building, such as employees and students who may have very limited or no choice regarding the quality of building (Slaughter, 2004). RIW!175D=!34=4D7E7=6!4=C!'65!"9B7!=!175D=!NJ4B6O!Elmualim and Gilder, (2013) argue that throughout the years the construction industry has become a c
36 ollection of different Òspecialized bran
ollection of different Òspecialized branchesÓ and with that architects are no longer seen as Òmaster buildersÓ, design management and the role ofdesign manager is a result of such changes. Sebastian (2004) Claims despite all the research on design management it is still evident that management of design in building project does not occur in a proper way. Sebastian (2005 management, as they are presented as Òdesign briefÓ wh
37 ich would then help the designers in mee
ich would then help the designers in meeting project requirements.This approach is seen in architecture and construction projects, where architects manage the design in terms of planning and aesthetical composition (Sebastian 2005). Other )JEE48T=D!-J87!9:! -2;&#x 000;*7!-=C=D5!.&#x 2 0;4P678 Summarizing t artistic endeavours and the adherence to project requirements, a combination of ÒaestheticÓ elements meeting Òtech
38 nicalÓ solutions within the context of t
nicalÓ solutions within the context of the project (Rnn 2010). Architectural projects are unique in a sense that they are designed for specific requiremen If the management of design teams is one that allows for better communication and is one that enhances team collaboration through meetings with dialogue, then improvement in issue is that design management is yet to be formulated in a scientific manner (Sebastian 2005).
39 The transition or depending on the proj
The transition or depending on the project phase or size (Elmualim and Gilder 2013, Gransberg and Molenaar 2004). ¥%Design management has not adequatelyidentified how thedesign process happens, what it contains and how desig as design is dependent on them (Sebastian 2005). The office is where the initial idea of design is generated based on clientÕs r What does design quality mean and what is the importance of it? 2.-What
40 are the main elements of design quality
are the main elements of design quality and what are their relations? 3.-How can design quality be assessed and/or measured? 4.-How can design quality be achieved and what is the role and effect of design quality in buildings and built environment? 5.-What are the possibilities to manage design quality? XIH!�*7!EP9864=;7!9:!175D=!NJ4B6O!4=C!Q4BJ7!A6&#x 2 0;=!289U7;65!As Eley (2004) points out adherence to expert view
41 s or just claiming to know design qualit
s or just claiming to know design quality is not sufficient in todayÕs industry. There should be proven measures to ensure that the buildings have all quality elements deemed possible throughout the project (Eley 2004). Eley (2004) claims that this might be due to the fact that thereÕs now concrete evidence degree project was carried out based on the crucial role of design and design quality in shaping the built environment
42 , including their impact on society as a
, including their impact on society as a whole. The identified importance of the topics discussed in this project, leaves much room for exploration, both in research and practice. Throughout this degree project, I have tried to establishthe links between different elements, approaches and views E*(F&=&'&,0&A(Adamson, D. (2004). Design as a value generator for clients and society. Building Research & Information, 32(3), pp.2
43 69-273. Alharbi, M., Emmitt, S. and Dem
69-273. Alharbi, M., Emmitt, S. and Demian, P. (2015). What is architectural management? Towards a pragmatic definition. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 22(2), pp.151-168. Arge, K. (1995). Architectural quality. Building Research & Information, 23(4), pp.234-236. Chan, A. and Chan, A. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(
44 2), pp.203-221. Den Otter, A., and Emmi
2), pp.203-221. Den Otter, A., and Emmitt, S. (2008). Design Team Communication and Design Task Complexity: The Preference for Dialogues. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(2), pp.121-129. Dewulf, G. and van Meel, J. (2004). Sense and nonsense of measuring design quality. Building Research & Information, 32(3), pp.247-250. Eley, J. (2004). Design quality in buildings. Building Research & Information, 32(3
45 ), pp.255-260. Elmualim, A. and Gilder,
), pp.255-260. Elmualim, A. and Gilder, J. (2013). BIM: innovation in design management, influence and challenges of implementation. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 10(3-4), pp.183-199. Emmitt, S. (2010). DESIGN MANAGEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION: ORIGINS AND TRENDS. Gesto & Tecnologia de Projetos, 5(3), pp.27Ð38. Ethicsguidebook.ac.uk. (2019). Literature reviews and systematic rev
46 iews. Available at: http://www.ethicsgui
iews. Available at: http://www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk/Literature-reviews-and-systematic-reviews-99 [Accessed 4 Jun. Heylighen, A., Van der Linden, V. and Van Steenwinkel, I. (2017). Ten questions concerning inclusive design of the built environment. Building and Environment, 114, pp.507-517. Keniger, M. (2004). Achieving design quality: from int Building Research & Information, 45(8), pp.910-925. Lampel, J., Scarbrough, H.
47 and Macmillan, S. (2008). Managing throu
and Macmillan, S. (2008). Managing through Projects in Knowledge-based Environments. Long Range Planning, 41(1), pp.7-16. Lindahl, G. and Ryd, N. (2007). Clients' goals and the construction project management process. Facilities, 25(3/4), pp.147-156 Liu, A.M.M. & Walker, A. (1998). Evaluation of project outcomes. Construction Management and Econo proposals. FORMakademisk, [online] 4(1). Rnn, M., (2012). A THEORY FOR ASSES
48 SING QUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE COMPETITION
SING QUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE COMPETITIONS. Nordic Journal Of Architectural Research, (1), pp.149Ð173. Rnn, M., (2017). Quality in Architecture %PP7=CF!H[!&67846J87!"7Y7A!*4?B7!!"#$%&'()*+&,'-.#/*'!&#.0/*'1"23*0#'4%"5#&)'-$*6*'1%"&0*'7'8%"&5+/'9*)':.5;.5'Arge (1995) Architectural quality Case Studies: Ten building s role is vital for achieving good design quality since architectural quality is achieved to the
49 point that the client enables it Good ar
point that the client enables it Good architectural quality requires professional clients of high quality with high quality goals. Kometa et al. (1995) An evaluation of clients' needs and responsibilities in the construction process Article on the importance of clients and their responsibilities (United Kingdom) 2,3: Assessment and Achievement of design occupancy evaluation Article on post and ÒvalueÓ Whyte and Gann (2003)
50 Design Quality Indicators: work in progr
Design Quality Indicators: work in progress Article on Design Quality Indicators (DQI) (United Kingdom)2: Assessment of design and Assessment of design quality Building Research & Information There are four dimensions to value creation in construction projects: ÒSpatial configurationÓ, ÒIndoor Environmental QualityÓ, ÒSymbolismÓ, Ó Financial ValueÓ. Adamson (2004) Design as a value generator for clients and society & Infor
51 mation In todayÕs construction industry,
mation In todayÕs construction industry, all professionals involved in the projects need to ensure and ÒjustifyÓ the value they are providing to their clients. DQI is a tool built for practice, and therefore, understandable and applicable by those in practice. Eley (2004 & Information Design quality indicator as a tool for pursuing design DQI: the dynamics of design values and assessment Article on DQI (United States) 2,3:
52 Assessment and Achievement of design qu
Assessment and Achievement of design quality Building Research & Information Power and influence of project stakeholders and the role of design quality indicators in achievement of design quality Sebastian (2005) The Interface Between Design and Management Article on Design Management (United States) 3: Achievement of design quality Design Issues Depicts design management is associated with three distinct categories: 1. ÒM
53 anaging the productÓ, 2. ÒManaging the p
anaging the productÓ, 2. ÒManaging the processÓ and 3. ÒManaging the organizationÕ. Macmillan (2006) Added value of good designArticle on the impact of good design, containing review of research mainly in UK and US (United Kingdom) 4: Delivery of design quality Building Research & Information and knowledge including design projects (United Kingdom)3: Achievement of design quality Long Range Planning Design projects contain
54 both interorganizational ÒComprehensive
both interorganizational ÒComprehensive study of architectural competitions in the Nordic countries Rnn (2012) A THEORY FOR ASSESSING QUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE COMPETITIONS Article on Assessment of Design Quality (Sweden) 1,2: Definition and Assessment of design quality Nordic Journal of Architectural Research The aesthetic dimension of quality is ÒmysteriousÓ and difficult to frame. The technical dimension is seen as Des
55 ign Management (United Kingdom) 3: Achi
ign Management (United Kingdom) 3: Achievement of Design Quality Architectural Engineering and Design Management Design manag development of a new one based on specific requirements. Watson et al. (2014) Re-conceiving building design quality: A review of building users in their social context Article on Building Design Quality (United Kingdom) Design Management (United Kingdom) (2017) Ten questions concerning inclusive des
56 ign of the built environment Article on
ign of the built environment Article on Inclusive Design (Belgium) 4: Delivery of design quality and Research Ethics Building and Environment Inclusive design ensures that conditions of the practice in architectural quality definition. Olsen (2018) Quantification and Quality in Architecture and Design Article on Measuring Design Quality (United States) 2,3: Assessment and Achievement of design quality Technology| !!!!!!