France takes over Indochina - PowerPoint Presentation

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France takes

over Indochina

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French Indochina

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French Rubber Plantation

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Literacy declines, landlessness grows under French rule

By 1925 one school-age child in ten was receiving schooling.

Millions of peasants became landless, working for French plantations and mines 

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Vietnamese opium den

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Justice could be harsh

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Indochina and Vietnam

Spans 5 presidents and 30+ years of history of involvement

Truman

Eisenhower

Kennedy

LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)

Nixon

WHY?

The Truman Doctrine

Eisenhower Doctrine

Containment Policy

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1946-1954- French Indochina War- Ho Chi Minh leads a guerrilla war against the French. 75% of the war is funded by America to aid in the containment of communism.

Embarrassing defeat for the French @

Dien

Bien

Phu

Geneva Accords-

Peace treaty to end war

Split Vietnam @ 17

th

Parallel

National unification election scheduled for 1956

Brief history of Vietnam’s Historical Struggle for Freedom

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Growing crisis in Southeast Asia

US public mostly unaware

US foreign policy…DOMINATED by Indochina

After the French loss, Americans believe they can form and support a strong noncommunist govt. in the South.

Help place

Ngo

Dinh

Diem

in power

"If Indochina goes, several things happen right away. The Malayan peninsula, the last little bit of the end hanging on down there, would be scarcely defensible … all of India would be outflanked. Burma would certainly, in its weakened condition, be no defense.“ –Dwight D. Eisenhower

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Domino Theory

The fear that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism, they would all fall like dominoes.

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Three U.S. Presidents during the Vietnam era discussing the Domino Theory

“If we withdrew from Vietnam the Communists would control Vietnam. Pretty soon, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia would go.”

President Kennedy, 1960-63

“If this little nation goes down the drain and can’t maintain their independence, ask yourself what is going to happen to all to all the other little nations.”

Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-68

“If the U.S. now were to throw in the towel and go home, and the Communists took over South Vietnam, then all over Southeast Asia, all over the Pacific, in the Mid east, in Europe, in the world, the U.S. would suffer a blow. And peace, because we are the great peacekeeping nation in the world today because of our power, would suffer a blow from which it might not recover.”

President Nixon, 1968-74

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America gets involved in Vietnam

Truman Doctrine-

We will aid countries resisting communism (1949)

Containment-

Only allowing communism to exist where it currently existed (no spread)

Domino Theory-

If Vietnam falls to communism other Asian countries would follow & possibly the world

In 1955, Eisenhower sends first advisors to Vietnam to train South Vietnam Soldiers

Kennedy-

Supports containment

By 1963 there are 16,000 advisors

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The Vietminh and The Vietcong

Vietminh rebels who defeated the French begin fighting against South Vietnamese and Diem.

The National Liberation Front is formed, becomes The Vietcong (Vietnamese Communist) goal of over throwing Diem and expelling US.

Both groups consisted of non-professional fighters, men, women, old and young.

Ho Chi Minh saw many similarities between Vietnam and American’s Revolution. (both were for freedom)

Do you?

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MLK Jr talks to press outside Riverside Church

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OC1Ru2p8OfU

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Diem and

the Buddhists

Ho Chi Minh looked like he was going to win the

Geneva elections

, so Diem with US approval, blocked the elections

US supports Ngo

Dinh

Diem, the non-communist leader in South Vietnam

Diem is seen as corrupt

He is a Catholic in a Buddhist majority country

Doesn’t make good on promised social & economic reforms

Repressive tactics against enemies

Civil Turmoil- Verge of Vietnamese Civil War

Buddhists, knowing Americans are watching began protesting Diem’s government and unite the country against him (and the US).

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LBJ-ultimately a tragic figure

“

I knew from the start if I left the woman I really loved – the Great Society – in order to fight this bitch of a war (Vietnam) on the other side of the world, then I would lose everything at home.  All my programs.  All my hopes…All my dreams.”

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

Gulf of Tonkin Incident-

US ship is said to have been attacked

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-

Allowed LBJ to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the US.

Enables the

escalation

of the War-

Send more troops and bombs to Vietnam

Bomb North Vietnam

Americanizing the War- March 8

,

1965 first US combat troops enter Vietnam

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US build up

& the draft

To help win the war the US begins drafting young men to train and fight in Vietnam.

Overwhelming numbers of poor are draft. College kids could get deferments and not have to go to war.

By 1968, there are more than 500,000 American troops in Vietnam.

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American Strategies in Vietnam

Rolling Thunder-

Relentless bombing of North Vietnam. Sought to stop support flowing into South Vietnam. More bombs dropped on N. Vietnam than in Europe (WW2)

Search and Destroy-

American strategy of finding and killing NVA and VC

Agent Orange-

Chemical sprayed on the dense jungles of Vietnam. Meant to kill the jungle and push peasants into the cities.

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Ho Chi Minh Trail

Path through Cambodia and Laos used by North Vietnam to bring supplies to Viet Cong in South Vietnam.

Although mostly in Laos and Cambodia the US

Bombed and attacked the supply route

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Meanwhile in Laos

Turned out the U.S. had been bombing heavily for years to stop supplies from reaching the Vietcong and NVA.

In fact, Laos is the most heavily bombed nation per capita in the history of the world! The U.S dropped as many as 4 times the amount of explosives in Indochina as in all of World War II

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Laos: The bombing

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/03/laos-vietnam-war-us-bombing-uxo

The U.S. made nearly 600,000 bombing runs over Laos 1964-1973 and dropped 2.5 million tons of explosives—more than the U.S. dropped on Germany and Japan in WWII. About a ton for every man, woman and child in Laos

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The war turned against the US in 1968, when the NVA began the

Tet

Offensive

, a surprise offensive on a major Vietnamese holiday that saw attacks all over the country, including in Saigon itself

Continuing US dead and wounded increased antiwar sentiment on the American Home Front, in large part because Vietnam was a

TV War

where American audiences saw the brutality of war firsthand.

Execution of a suspected Viet Cong by the Chief of Police of Saigon.

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Attack by ~ 70,000 NVA and VC troops.

Saigon and 75% of provincial capitals assaulted

VC Commandos reach the U.S. embassy in Saigon

Major attack on

Khe

Sanh

base was a diversion

Largest battle is in the city of Hue

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Major fighting in Saigon

, Tan Son

Nhut

airbase, U.S. embassy hit, widespread destruction

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Tet: both sides “won” and “lost”

United States

Gen. Westmoreland’s assurances that the war was going well proved untrue

U.S. public turns against the war, people

Contributes to LBJ withdrawing from the presidential race

U.S. inflicts huge casualties on NVA and VC

North Vietnam + Viet Cong

ARVN troops fought well

Suffered huge casualties

There was not a general uprising of the South Vietnamese people

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=392wGnhYIjU

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Lt. Calley

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Operation Phoenix

1968-1972 Widespread assassination, torture, and interrogation program developed by the CIA, using US and South Vietnamese special forces, paramilitaries. Purpose: wipe out the Viet Cong political structure

Brutal but effective, 80,000 VC operatives “eliminated”: torture and execution was widely used

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This included the

My Lai

Massacre in which Americans killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians

The use of weapons like

napalm

and

Agent Orange

, a defoliant which devastated the environment and caused huge numbers of birth defects

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Dissent and the end of the Vietnam War-tabletop discussions

What were some of the influences on the anti-war movement?

Why did the anti-war protest movement emerge on campuses? What tactics did they use? Why did they grow? What was the reaction of mainstream America to this?

What were some of the methods of draft resistance?

What was “Vietnamization?” Was it really a new tactic? Have the U.S. tried this tactic again?

What were the Pentagon Papers and what was the effect of its publication

Why did the U.S. invade Cambodia? What was the reaction to the invasion?

What happened at Kent State on May 4, 1970? What was the public reaction to it?

What are some of the long-term legacies of Vietnam?

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Johnson decides not to run for re-election

I

ncreasingly the American people came to

have a

“

Credibility Gap

”, i.e. they no longer believed that LBJ was telling them the truth about the war

I

n March 1968, LBJ

withdrew from the presidential race after

winning

the

New Hampshire

Primary by only a small margin.

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1968--Democratic Party is torn apart

June 1968: Robert Kennedy was a leading presidential contender when he was killed

August 1968, antiwar protests erupt into

violence, with running clashes between demonstrators and the police in the streets of Chicago

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground

http://diyzine.com/weatherundergroundarticle3.html

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November 1968, Republican Richard Nixon defeats VP Hubert Humphrey

Nixon was elected on a platform of “

Peace with Honor

”

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Nixon appealed to the “Great Silent Majority” to counter the growing antiwar movement

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The Weather Underground (Weathermen)

Founded in 1969 at University of Michigan, radicals who demanded direct, often violent action against the U.S. government and U.S. corporate interests. Carried out a series of bombings in the early 1970s. Took their name from

“

You don’t need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows

.” from

Bob Dylan’s

Subterranean

Homesick Blues

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8AnF2RkMV8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfdJ3FiSva4

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October 15, 1969

Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam

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2 million participated—the largest demonstrations in US history

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Vietnam Vets and GI Resistance

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=iydq2QS35iQ

Operation Dewey Canyon III, April 1971

https

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=4P1zXcQ3ZGw

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Nixon wanted the South Vietnamese to play a greater role in the war, a policy he labeled

Vietnamization

But he continued carpet bombing Hanoi & ordered an invasion of neighboring Cambodia and Laos

He relied on the diplomacy of

Henry Kissinger

to achieve peace and/or an American withdrawal

Kissinger-”A Decent

Interval”

https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/nixon-kissinger-and-the-decent-interval

The

US does manage to extricate itself by Jan. 27, 1973, signing the Paris Peace Accords with North Vietnam

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But not before the war expanded

US invades Cambodia in 1970, sparking a major civil war between Cambodian Gov’t and communists guerrillas in Cambodia, called the

Khmer Rouge

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Anti-war protests against the Cambodian invasion became widespread…

Kent State, May 1970

National Guardsmen opened fire on students in Ohio protesting the spread of the war to Cambodia, killing four.

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PHASE 3 – VIETNAMESE CIVIL WAR, 1973-75

The NVA easily defeated the South in 1975; the South had appealed to Nixon for aid, Nixon was embroiled in the domestic Watergate Crisis, and he was in essence a “lame duck”

1975 – the US abandoned its embassy in Saigon, which was renamed

Ho Chi Minh City

in the newly unified and communist Vietnam

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Legacies of the 10,000 Day War

French Phase 1946-1954

Dead

600,000-800,000, including 75,000 French soldiers

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Legacies of the 10,000 Day War

As many as 4 million Vietnamese: 2+ million civilians + 1.1 million Viet Cong and NVA killed

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Legacies of 10,000 Day War

11 million Vietnamese became refugees

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The Sorrow of War

Bao

Ninh

served in the Glorious 27

th

 Youth Brigade – of the 500 who set out in 1967, he was one of only ten survivors.  He wrote

The Sorrow of War

, an extremely moving—and controversial---account of the Indochina War from the point of view of a North Vietnamese soldier

.

Bao

Ninh

was one of the soldiers who attacked Tan Son

Nhut

airport in Saigon on the day the former capital of South Vietnam fell.

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Legacies of the 10,000 Day War

American Phase

200,000-250,000 South Vietnamese military dead

58,000 Americans dead

More than 5,000 South Koreans, Australians, New Zealanders and others dead

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Legacies of the 10,000 Day War

“Operation Ranch Hand”

Between 1962 and 1971, the U.S.

sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over 4.5 million acres in Vietnam,

devastating the environment, killing or maiming hundreds of thousands and causing large numbers of birth defects.

4.5 million Vietnamese exposed to defoliants

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Agent Orange, manufactured by Dow Chemical and Monsanto

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Death, disease and deformities

Vietnamese Red Cross estimates 1 million Vietnamese affected, including 150-500,000 children born with birth defects

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2.6 million U.S. personnel exposed

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Legacies of 10,000 Day War

American Phase

Drug use: US military estimated in 1971 that 10-15% of soldiers were using heroin.

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Legacies of Vietnam—Mental and Physical Health

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Bombing

Bomb craters filled with water = mosquito breeding ground = malaria and other diseases

800 million unexploded bombs in Laos alone

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Other legacies

Increasing restrictions on press

Volunteer army

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Legacies of the 10,000 Day War

Cambodia

300,000 dead 1970-1975

In April 1975 the

Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot take control of Cambodia, leading to a genocide

that resulted in the

deaths of

up to an

estimated 2 million Cambodians

from 1975 to 1979

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Vietnam Historiographical Schools

Neo-Marxist

Liberal Realists

Conservative

Revisionist

School

depicts the United States as a global hegemony, concerned primarily with its own economic expansion, and reflexively opposed to communism, indigenous revolution, or any other challenge to its authority.

School

typically assert

that

American intervention in Vietnam

was the predictable

consequence of the

US

drive for world dominance

.

This

school puts the war in communist vs. capitalist terms, and asserts the

U.S. political economy's need for raw materials, investment outlets,

and capitalistic dominance created an inevitable

collision course with revolutionary nationalist currents throughout the entire Third World.

School has a tendency

to romanticize Ho Chi Minh, and downplay the brutality of the Vietcong and the NVA

School

emerges quickly after war, and is still the dominant academic school.

Asserts

American policymakers

foolishly exaggerated Vietnam's importance to the United States

and greater Cold War conflict.

Argues US failed to recognize revolutionary

spirit in Vietnam or the nature of the military conflict, and also continuously used conventional war strategies a non-conventional war.

Primary assertion is that Vietnam was an unwinnable war

and a tragedy

that could have been avoided.

Robert McNamara joins this school with his quintessential 1995 book In Retrospect.

School

led by

books of

three former U.S. Army officers

and

veterans of the war.

Vehemently criticizes

US policy and

asserts that military and civilian leaders failed to develop realistic plans for achieving American politico-military objectives in Vietnam,

and failed to carry out what was needed to achieve success.

FOR EXAMPLE, they claim the coup and assassination of Diem in 1963 destabilized the South Vietnamese government and actually hurt the military successes that had been achieved.

Essentially

called

attention to fundamental shortcomings in the American approach to warfare in Southeast Asia.

Some

conservative revisionists

insist that real benefits accrued to the non-Communist nations of Southeast Asia as a result of U.S. intervention, and argued that the "pacification" campaign pursued by the United States could have succeeded.

Reject

that Vietnam was an unwinnable war.

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Slide68

Rolling Stones

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqK-J9S2GXs

Santana Soul Sacrifice

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqZceAQSJvc

Woodstock

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3Lc1wQYuMM

Country Joe and the Fish

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qPUJhy0Dz4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUwbZ9AlSPI

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How Vietnam Was Lost

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzVWfZpQ4TI&t=18s

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agent-orange

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8M8R835Ck4

Traffic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr6NOsluHYg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=watO_IRfz4w

The Doors, The End at the Hollywood Bowl 7/5/70

http://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2016/06/09/1973-grateful-dead-and-allman-brothers-mega-concert

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1968 Slide Presentation

Democratic Convention

Assassination of Martin Luther King/Riots

Assassination of Robert Kennedy

New Hampshire Primary and Johnson’s withdrawal

Prague Spring

My Lai Massacre

Tet Offensive

Capture of the USS Pueblo

Apollo 8 mission

1968 Olympics/Tommie Smith & John Carlos/hundreds killed by police in Mexico City

Jimi Hendrix reaches the peak of his career

Election of 1968

Slide71

Layla

Derek and the Dominoes

A Day in the Life

The Beatles

Symphony for the Devil

The Rolling Stones

Soul Sacrifice

Santana

China Cat Sunflower/I Know You Rider

, The Grateful Dead

Stage Fright

, The Band

A Hard Rain’s a

Gonna

Fall

, Bob Dylan

Suite Judy Blue Eyes

, CSNYPusherman Curtis MayfieldIf 6 was 9 or All Along the Watchtower Jimi HendrixLove Reign O’er Me The WhoBall and Chain Janis JoplinOne Way Out The Allman BrothersEight Miles High The

Byrds

Pancho

and Lefty

Townes Van ZandtLow Spark of High Heel Boys, TrafficVan MorrisonLed

Zepplin

The Doors

Mercy, Mercy Me/What’s Going

On

Marvin Gaye