Detariummicrocarpum SEEDS A paper presented at Chemical Society of Nigeria Conference Edo Chapter 2017 10 th Annual conference Auchi 2017 1 Shaba AE 2 Inobeme A 1 Mathew JT ID: 998475
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1. REMOVAL OF LEAD AND CHROMIUM ION FROM WASTEWATER USING ACID MODIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM SWEET DATTOCK (Detariummicrocarpum) SEEDSA paper presented at Chemical Society of Nigeria, Conference, Edo Chapter 2017, 10th Annual conference, Auchi, 20171Shaba, A.E., 2Inobeme, A., 1Mathew, J.T., 1Musa, M., 1Edeh, V. C. & 1Olukoya, A. 2Department of Chemistry, Edo University Iyamho, Nigeria.
2. INTRODUCTIONAnthropogenic activities such as industrialization, mining amongst others have resulted in an increase in the volume of effluents discharged into the environment (Naema et al., 2014). Presence and accumulation of metals such as Pb and Cr ions in water bodies could have deleterious effects on environment and organisms. Due to high cost of water treatment plants available in most countries, industries discharge their effluent into the environment without proper treatment.Heavy metals are not easily biodegradable, so they remain in the water and accumulate in the body and causing hazard to humans and other organisms (Mustapha et al., 2015).
3. The conventional techniques of adsorbing toxic metals from aqueous waste solution such as ion exchange, membrane separation and chemical precipitation processes have some drawbacks Due to these technological and economic constraints however, a cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent is required to bridge this gap. Adsorption using activated plant waste materials has proven to be more efficient with extensive scope of application for the elimination of metal ions from waste water (Silvakumar, 2010). The aim of this work is to investigate the adsorption potential of activated carbon prepared from Detariummicrocarpum seeds in the removal of Pb and Cr ion from pharmaceutical effluent.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODSCollection and Pre-treatment of Waste WaterThe waste water sample was collected from JESIL Pharmaceuticals Ltd in Minna Niger state. The waste water sample was then pre-treated using mild digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acids and analysed for lead and chromium using AAS.Adsorbent PreparationThe raw adsorbent sample (Detariummicrocarpum seeds) was obtained from Pati-Shaba Kolo town in Lavun local government area of Niger state in the month of January 2016. The sample was thoroughly washed and rinsed with distilled water. It was then sun-dried for two weeks to reduce moisture after which it was ground to fine powder using a milling machine.
5. Carbonization and modification of the adsorbent351.59g of the powdered sample was carbonized at 550°C for 60mins and then subsequently activated using 60% H2SO4 at 8000C for two hours. The adsorbent was then dried in an oven at 105°C for a period of 4 hours.Yield of CarbonThe char was cooled after carbonization was weighed and used to obtain the percentage yield of carbon using the formula: % Yield of carbon = weight of char/weight of raw material × 100
6. Characterization of Activated CarbonDetermination of Moisture ContentThe moisture content was determined using 1g of the activated carbon sample at 105˚C for 1 hour and 30 minutes.Determination of Ash Content1g of the activated carbon sample was weighed into a crucible and then it was heated in a muffle furnace to 7500C for 1hour 30minutes. Determination of Volatile Matter Content1g of the activated carbon sample was weighed and into a crucible and closed with a lid. The crucible was heated in a muffle furnace at 9250C for exactly 7minutes the crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
7. Estimation of Fixed Carbon Content:Fixed carbon=100-(%moisture content+ %volatile matter+ %ash content)Determination of Bulk Density:The mass of the measuring cylinder was taken, and then 2g of the activated carbon was placed in it and reweighed. Afterwards it was transferred into an aluminum plate and oven dried at 1050C for 60minutes. The weight of the dry sample was then measured.
8. Determination of PH:PH was determined using PH meter in line with Rowell, 2005.Determination of Klason lignin contentThe Klason lignin content was determined using the Klason method of lignin determination according to (Rowell, 2005).Determination of Iodine NumberIodine number was determined in line with the method reported by Mopoung et al., 2015.Determination of Surface AreaThe specific surface area of the activated carbon was estimated using Sear’s method (Al-Qadah and Shawabkah, 2009).
9. Adsorption StudyAdsorption studies was carried out in line with Castrol et al., 2008, with little modification. Effect of Contact Time The effect of contact time on removal of metal ions was studied for a period of 90min. 0.5 g of the adsorbents was used for each of the different contact times chosen (30, 60, and 90 minutes).
10. Effect of Adsorbent DosageDifferent dosages of the adsorbents (0.5-1.5 g) were used for effect of dosage. Effect of pH:Over a pH range of 4-8, the effect of pH on adsorption on metal ions was studied. In line with Bernard et al.,2013.Effect of temperatureEffect of temperature on the adsorption process was studied at temperatures ranges between 30-900C for Pb and Cr adsorption for 25minutes in line Nwabanne, 2010.
11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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19. ConclusionActivated carbon produced from sweet dattock (Detarium microcarpum) seeds is an effective adsorbent for removal of lead and chromium ions.Batch experiments were conducted it was obtained that the adsorption of lead and chromium ions are dependent on time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and also temperature.Sweet dattock (Detarium microcarpum) seeds are readily available; hence this study provides a cost effective and environmentally friendly means of removing metal ions from waste water or effluents.
20. It is recommended that other parameters and adsorption isotherms be used for more inquiry into the adsorption capacity of this material.
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