Classification 1 Disturbance in the volume of circulating blood 2 Obstruction in the cardiovascular system 1 Disturbance in Blood volume 1 Hyperaemia increase in the blood flow to an organ as result of dilation of its arterioles and capillaries ID: 301785
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Slide1
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCESlide2
Classification:
1- Disturbance in the volume of circulating blood.
2- Obstruction in the cardiovascular system.Slide3
1- Disturbance in Blood
volume:
1-
Hyperaemia
:
increase in the blood flow to an organ as result of dilation of its arterioles and capillaries.
2- Congestion:
increase venous blood in an organ as result of obstruction to venous outflow, the veins,
venules
and capillaries
becom
passively dilated.Slide4
1- Disturbance in Blood volume:
3-
Haemorrhage
:
Escape of blood outside the blood vessels or cardiac
chambers.Slide5
1: Chronic venous congestion in lung:
-the alveolar
capilleries
are dilated and congested
,the
alveolar walls are thickened
-
the
alveolar spaces contain intact and
haemolysed
red cells , brown
haemosiderin
granules and heart failure cells.Slide6
2- Chronic venous congestion in liver:
-the central veins are dilated and congested. The sinusoids are dilated and congested, they contain excess red cells
haemosiderin
and necrotic liver
cells. Slide7
3- Cerebral Heamorrhage:
Cerebral hemorrhage is usually caused by rupture
of
a small vessel in the parenchyma
. The
haemorrhage
may be the result of an injury, an abnormality of the blood vessels, or high blood pressure.Slide8
4- Cerebral Haematoma:
haematoma
(black), or blood clot
,)
cerebral hemisphere. This sort of blood clot, which is often fatal, is caused by blood vessels in the brain
haemorrhaging
..Slide9
2- Obstruction of blood flow can be due to:
1-Thrombosis:
formation of a compact mass composed of elements of circulating blood inside a vessel or heart cavity, this compact mass is called
Thrombus
.
2- Clot:
a mass of blood elements formed in stagnant blood.
3- Embolism:
the process of impaction of embolus in narrow vessels.
Embolus
is insoluble substance circulating in blood stream.Slide10
2- Obstruction of blood flow can be due to:
4-Ischemia
:
decrease blood supply to apart of tissue due to occlusion of its
artery.
5-Infarction:
formation of an
infarct
, that is, an area of tissue death (
necrosis
) due to
sudden
ischemia.Slide11
5- Thrombosis in the out flow of the heart:
showing a blood clot (thrombus, dark
red
),
blood clot can block or reduce the blood supply, will lead to tissue death (
infarction)Slide12
6- Recent thrombus:
The lumen is occupied by a thrombus appearing as a red mass.
The substance of the thrombus in traversed by lines of
Zahn
(
fused platelets forming homogenous structure less pinkish violet
lines)
.
the periphery of the lines show bluish dots represent WBC and nuclear
fragments Slide13
7- Pulmonary embolism and infarction:
-
lung showing an area of tissue death (infarction) caused by an embolism. The dead tissue is at lower centre. A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the branches of the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Slide14
8- Pulmonary infarction:
-the alveolar walls in the infarct area are thinned and their cellular structures are lost and fibrous septa only remains. the alveolar spaces contain intact and
haemolysed
red cells and heart failure cells.
- Rest of lung shows CVC.Slide15
9- Infarction in kidney:
-the infarct is pale red, normal area is darker.
- In the infarct zone the normal structures are lost, but the
glomeruli
outlines, tubules
and B.V are homogenous pink shadows Slide16
10- Atherosclerosis with lipid foam cells:
Atherosclerosis(
artery
wall
thickens, hardening caused
by the formation of
plaques
within the
arteries)
Lesion initial in
intema
, have soft yellow
accumulaton
of lipid ,
machrophages
,
foam cells
(macrophages with ingested oxidized
LDL),lymphocytesSlide17
11- Atheroma in the heart:
A
theroma
:
A fatty deposit in the
intima
(inner lining) of an
artery. Appear
white to whitish yellow color. Slide18
12- Atheroma, Aneurysm in Aorta :
Atheroma
in aorta lead to Local (dilatation) swelling of artery cause aneurysm is thin The wall of artery and
lumin
is filled by thrombus Slide19
13- Aneurysm in abdominal artery (Aorta):
Atheroma
in aorta lead to Local (dilatation) swelling of artery cause
aneurysm is thin
The wall
of artery and
lumin
is filled by thrombus .Slide20
14- Renal Atherosclerosis:
This is
hyperplastic
arteriolosclerosis, which most often appears in the kidney in patients with malignant hypertension. The arteriolar wall is markedly thickened and the lumen is narrowedSlide21
19- Renal Atherosclerosis. (
High magnification):