Should be neatly presented in your lab book BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 311 MONOMERS and POLYMERS Polymers and Monomers Learning Outcomes You should be able to E xplain what a monomer and polymer ID: 692155
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Slide1
Homework HAND IN
Graph and analysis questions from rate of diffusion investigation.
Should be neatly presented in your lab book.Slide2
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
3.1.1
MONOMERS and POLYMERSSlide3
Polymers and Monomers
Learning
Outcomes
You should be able to:
E
xplain what a monomer and polymer are.Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made.Explain the concept of condensation and hydrolysis reactions in forming/breaking down polymers.
17/09/2015Slide4
Definitions
Monomers are the smaller
molecules
from which larger molecules are made.
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of (identical or similar) monomers joined together by covalent bonds.Learning OutcomesExplain what a monomer and polymer areSlide5
On your whiteboards…
What are the monomers of….
Proteins?
Long chain carbohydrates (such as cellulose and starch)?
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA?)Slide6
1. Amino
Acids
Proteins contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and sometimes sulphur).Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins (polymers) are formed.
There are 20 different, commonly occurring amino acids in living organisms.Two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide.Many amino acids join together to form a polypeptide.A protein may consist of one or more polypeptides.Learning OutcomesIdentify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made
Amino Group
Carboxylic acid
GroupSlide7
1. AMINO ACIDSSlide8
CONDENSATION REACTION
A reaction in which two molecules (monomers) are covalently bonded to each other to form a larger molecule (polymer) through the loss of a
water
molecule.Slide9
When two amino acids undergo a condensation reaction, a
peptide bond
is formed between them.Slide10
On your whiteboards…
Join the amino acids together in the order:
alanine, glycine, threonine
GLYCINE
THREONINE
ALANINESlide11
CArbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups:
monosaccharides
, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.Monosaccharides
and disaccharides are small, soluble molecules that are easy to transport and are sweet to taste.Learning OutcomesIdentify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are madeSlide12
2. monosaccharides
These are simple sugars, and generally have a chemical formula that are multiples of CH
2
O.
An example of this is glucose, with the chemical formula C
6H12O6.Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers with hundreds to thousands monosaccharides joined together.For example the polysaccharides cellulose, starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose.
α
lpha
glucoseSlide13
Two forms of Glucose
ISOMER
Any one of a set of molecules which have the same
kind and number of atoms
, but a
different arrangement of those atoms.Slide14
POLYsaccharides
(Carbohydrate polymers)
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made
Starch (amylose and amylopectin)Glycogen (shorter amylose chains with more branching)Cellulose (beta-glucose)Slide15
Condensation and
HyrdolysisSlide16
3.Nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids.
The nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of the following three molecules:
A five carbon sugar (pentose);
A
phosphate grou
p
;
A nitrogen-containing organic base.
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are madeSlide17Slide18
DNA and RNA
Learning Outcomes
Identify some biological polymers, and the monomer from which they are made
DNA
consist of two polynucleotide strands whereas RNA consists of a single polynucleotide strand.Slide19
HYDROLYSIS
The breaking down of large molecules (polymers) into smaller ones (e.g. monomers) by the addition of water molecules.Slide20
On your whiteboards…
Write three word equations to show the build up of the three types of monomer looked at today into their respective polymers.Slide21
Past paper question