How Did Teacher Recruitment and Teacher Career Paths Change - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

How Did Teacher Recruitment and Teacher Career Paths Change as School Provision became Centralized? The Case of Victorian and Edwardian England, 1841-1971—some possible perspectives from longitudinal record linkage.

David Mitch

Department of Economics

University of Maryland, Baltimore CountySlide2

 a)Period 1841 to 1911 saw the advent of centralized government funding and management of schools. Beginning in 1862, parliamentary funding to schools depended on examination results.

b)this resulted in the establishment of centralized provision of teacher training colleges and procedures for teacher certification.

Historical ContextSlide3

c)this also resulted in a substantial expansion of teaching occupations relative to the male and female labor force as a whole :

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881189119011911Male 0.5%0.5%0.67%0.5%0.66%0.7%0.58%0.6%Female2.0%2.8%3.0%3.1%3.9%4.1%4.1%3.8%

Teachers, school masters, school mistresses as percentage of total male and female labor force in England and Wales 1841 to 1891Slide4

Most teachers were female

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881189159.4%70.5%71.7%73.4%71.9%71.1%Percentage of teachers who were femaleSlide5

d)Census data for the end of the period indicate that most female teachers were unmarried:

In

the 1901 census, 92.3% of females in teaching related occupations were unmarriedAnd in the 1911 census, 91.7 %

were single, 6.3 % married, and 2% were widows. Slide6

Research questions to address with longitudinal data

a. What

were the social origins of teachers in the early Victorian period?

Were

teachers primarily recruited from those with skilled manual and lower middle class parents?

b. Did the social origins of teachers change over the 19th century with the relative expansion of the teaching workforce?i)Did the expansion of the teaching workforce provide more opportunities for upward social mobility?ii)Alternatively, did rising standards for teacher certification decrease recruitment from those with working class parents Slide7

Research Questions (continued):

c)What were the trends in teacher turnover and tenure with increasing centralized regulation of teacher certification and the implementation of funding and pay for performance policies?

d)how

did length of duration and spells of interruption in teaching, and occupational career patterns differ between males, single females and females who married

?

e)What changes occurred over time in the length of duration, spells of interruption and occupational career patters in teaching between 1841 and 1911?Slide8

Some perspectives from trends in age structure of the teaching workforce

Male

School master

Male

Teacher

FemaleSchoolMistressFemale School mistress marriedFemale TeacherFemale Governess185121%32.5%21.7%39.4%187117.9%60.1%22.35%53.7%188148.8%19.5%53.3%42.1%

1891

36.3%

53.1%

1901

28.8%

53.7% Unmarried

1.93%

Percentage of various categories of teachers under the age of 25---the use of categories changes across censusesSlide9

Procedures for constructing longitudinal data bases of teachers between 1841 and 1911:

1.Use a)1851 and 1881 Census CDs from Family History Resource File b)ancestry.com, c)Findmypast.com to generate names of those with teaching related occupational key words (teacher, school mistress, school master) from the 1851 and 1881 census.

2.Enter

Birmingham, Warwickshire, Norfolk locations---seems required to search on the occupational field.

2A: Issue of sampling strategy by location.:

i)cluster sampling ii)construct samples from contrasting census districts—rural/urban etc. iii)construct nationally representative sample? 3)link names of those listing teaching related occupations in 1851 and 1881 to earlier and later censuses (1841 through 1911) using ancestry.com and findmypast.com. Slide10

4)to construct career paths for women who married, employ marriage registers to identify females reporting a teaching related occupation at marriage. This identifies of occupation of father at marriage. Link the bride’s maiden name to census records prior to marriage, using name of father as well. Link the bride’s married name to subsequent census records. Slide11

Some VERY preliminary resultsSlide12

A.1881 data base of about 70 Warwickshire teachers.

Name

Year

Age

Location (Parish)

ConditionOccupationMother's OccupationFather's OccupationAgnes Hobson18617GoldingtonUnmarriedScholarNoneGentleman188128Warwick St NicholasUnmarriedTeacher1891

37

Brighton

Unmarried

Governess

1901

48

Easingwood

Unmarried

Governess

Tanner and Tithe Agent

Tanner and Currier

1911

58

Easingwood

Unmarried

None

Alice

E

Schofield

1871

9

St Giles

Unmarried

Scholar

None

--

1881

18

Aston

Unmarried

School Mistress

School Mistress

Coal Agent

1891

30

Handsworth

Unmarried

Governess

None

Living on Own Means

Alice O'dwyer

1851

13

Clayton Le Woods

Unmarried

Daily Attending School

Teacher of Music

Teacher

1881

43

Birmingham

Unmarried

Teacher

1891

53

North Meols

Unmarried

Certificated Teacher

1901

63

Glossop

Unmarried

School TeacherSlide13

Social origins of 1881 Warwickshire teachers

Father’s Occupational Category

n

%

Teacher

34.20% Skilled4258.30% Agricultural Labourer56.90% Commercial/Professional2230.50% Total72 Slide14

B.Data Base for Norfolk teachers, 1851 and 1881

i.social

origins 1851 N = 52

Percent with fathers

Agricultural Labourer 17.35% School Master 5.80% Farmer 9.60% Commercial/Professional 25% Skilled 42.40%Percent with mothers who were school mistresses 4/27 = 14.8%Slide15

Social origins Norfolk teachers1881

Father’s occupation:

Mother’s occupationSurgeon School Mistress (3)

Farm Steward Fund Holder

Collier

ManSchool MasterPainterRailway PorterWatermanCabinet MakerPorterSlide16

ii.Tenure patterns of females who were teachers in Norfolk

1851:

Occupational title in 1851 Teacher:Listing

across Multiple census of a teaching

occupation:

16 Single listing of a teaching occupation: 21Occupational title in 1851 School Mistress: listing across multiple censuses of teaching related occupation: 24 Single listing of teaching occupation: 191881:Occupational title in 1881 School Mistress:Listing in multiple census of teaching related occupation: 12 Single listing of Teaching related occupation: 6