Organization of the Human Body - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Organization of the Human BodySlide2

Anatomy vs physiology

Anatomy

The _____________

Physiology (fiz-e-ology)How the structure __________

s

tructure

worksSlide3

Levels of Organization in the Body

Atoms

Molecules

CellsTissuesOrgans

Organ SystemsOrganisms

What is the smallest LIVING level of organization?Slide4

Characteristics of living things

Metabolism

Responsiveness

RespirationGrowthDifferentiation

ReproductionSlide5

Summary Question(s)

You are working in a lab and think you may be observing a new organism

. What is the minimal level of organization you would need to observe in order to classify this organism as a living thing?

You are working in a lab and think you may be observing a new organism. You’ve determined that the new organism is a virus. Would this organism be classified as a living thing? Why or why not? Slide6

Operation Body Systems

Brain

Pituitary Gland

MouthTracheaEsophagusLungsLymph nodesKidneys

Heart LiverStomachPancreas

Gall bladderIntestinesOvaries/uterus or testicles

**Draw and label each term listed below. Place the organs in the correct spotSlide7

Homeostasis

A

state

of _________ between a living thing and the ______________

balance

environmentSlide8

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body uses feedback loops

Components of feedback loops:

Receptor:_____________

Integrating center:________________Effector:

_________________

Detects

stimulus/change

Processes

info

Causes responseSlide9

Continued

What happens if the body can’t reach homeostasis?

_________________

deathSlide10

Negative Feedback Systems

A

ctivity of the effector __________ the stimulus

What is the result? Change/stimulus ____________

reverses

m

oves in the opposite direction

Regulation of body TempSlide11

Negative Feedback

Increase is detected

Decrease

Integrating center responds

Homeostasis

Increase

Decrease Detected

Integrating center responds

Dynamic process (ongoing) Slide12

Negative Feedback

Increase is detected

Decrease

Integrating center responds

HomeostasisSlide13

Negative Feedback

Homeostasis

Increase

Decrease Detected

Integrating center respondsSlide14

Negative Feedback

Increase is detected

Decrease

Integrating center responds

Homeostasis

Increase

Decrease Detected

Integrating center responds

Dynamic process (ongoing) Slide15

Positive Feedback Systems

S

ystem moves in the _________________ as the change

What does this mean? Condition/stimulus is _______________ __________________

same direction

Reinforced

Continues in the same direction

Contractions during labor

Clotting of bloodSlide16

How many legs does the elephant have? Slide17

HELLO!!!!Slide18

Stampede!!!!

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qmp4DjtWcuw

Are the actions of the participants an example of positive or negative feedback? Why?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJsYwehp_r4Are the responses of the Ellen’s victims an example of positive or negative feedback? Why?Slide19

Examples of Feedback

As a group discuss the following:

Provide two examples of negative feedback

Provide two examples of positive feedbackSlide20

Feedback Loop

Stimulus

Response

Receptor

Effector

Integrating CenterSlide21

Homeostasis of Blood Calcium

The bones and teeth contain approximately 99 percent of the calcium in the body, while the other 1 percent circulates in the blood. Too much calcium in the blood and too little calcium in the blood both have negative effects. If blood calcium levels decrease too much, the parathyroid glands activate their calcium-sensing receptors and release parathyroid hormone. PTH signals the bones to release calcium to increase the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.Slide22

Regulation of Blood Sugar

Stimulus

Response

Receptor

Effector

Integrating CenterSlide23
Slide24

Discussion Question

Discuss with your group

What would happen to the heart

rate (would it increase or decrease) if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback? Slide25

The Anatomical Position

Eyes forward, feet together,

plams

facing up with the thumbs pointed outUsed as _____________

a reference/

directional pointSlide26

Is this person in the anatomical position?

Figure 1.3Slide27

Regional Terms

Figure 1.4aSlide28

Regional Terms

Figure 1.4bSlide29

Body Regions Questions

Where is a plantar wart located?

Where do you take an

otic temperature? If you have carpal tunnel syndrome where is your injury located? Where is the

axillary nerve located? If humans had dorsal fins, where would the fin be located? Slide30

Body Region Questions Continued

Women get

botox

to get rid of wrinkles in which body region? Which body region is Homer always choking Bart?

Which body region is Dave Grohl’s goatee growing? Slide31

Gaston

Zebra

Describe Gaston using body region terms

Which body region is the zebra showing you? Slide32

A Q

uick

R

eviewhttp://www.purposegames.com/game/f606295531http://www.wiley.com/college/apcentral/anatomydrill/Slide33

Review Questions

Answer questions 5, 7 and 10-12 in your notebook

Yes, you must write the questions

You do not need to write down each answer option, just the correct answer to the question. Slide34

Positional Terms

Supine

Lying ___________

Prone

Lying __________

f

ace up

f

ace downSlide35

Descriptive Terms

Superficial

__________ the surface

Deep

________ from the surface

Toward/on

A

waySlide36

Superficial

vs

Deep Slide37

Directional Terms

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305Slide38

Directional Terms

Superior

Toward the head or the above

Inferior

Away from the head or belowSlide39

Superior Vs

InferiorSlide40

Directional Terms

Anterior

Nearer to/at the front

Posterior

Nearer to/at the backSlide41

Anterior vs

Posterior Slide42

Directional Terms

Medial

Nearer the midline

Lateral

Farther from the

**Midline = middle of bodySlide43

Medial vs

Lateral Slide44

Directional Terms

** only used to reference extremities (limbs)

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Proximal

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Root

RootSlide45

Proximal

vs

Distal

Proximal

Distal Carpals

Radius

Clavicle

Point of origin

Phalanges

Humerous

Slide46

Positional Terms

Ventral

F

ront or belly

Dorsal

B

ack Slide47
Slide48

Practice

Superior or Inferior?

Abdomen is ________________ to the pectoral region

Oral region is ______________

to the noseCervical region is __________ to the tail bone

Anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal?

Nose is _______________ to the ear

Knuckles

is __________ to the palm

Heel is ________________ to the toes

M

edial or lateral

Radius bone is _________________ to the ulna bone

Middle

toe is ___________________

to the big toe

Orbital

region is _______________

to the ear

Proximal

or

distal

Fingers is ___________________to the carpal region

Upper

arm is _______________to the clavicle

Lower

leg is ________________to the thigh Slide49

Directional Terms Practice

Write a statement for each of the six pairs of directional terms. The statement should show the relationship of each pair.

E.x

. “The wrist is distal to the elbow, but the shoulder is proximal to the elbow.” Use the following structuresNose (use medial/lateral)

Ears (use superior/inferior)Toes (use anterior/posterior)

Knees (use distal/proximal) ScapulaRibs

Heart

FingersSlide50

The Language of Anatomy

Write the following terms on the index cards at your lab bench

Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, ventral and dorsal

Then place them in the proper location on one of your lab partners. Slide51

Directional Terms Practice

On five notecards list two body structures. Exchange your cards with another group. Then you and your partner will write a sentence for each notecard using the correct directional term/terms. Slide52

Directional Terms Review

Directional Terms Fill in

http://

en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Regional_Anatomy/Lesson_3Purpose Gameshttp://www.purposegames.com/game/anatomy-directional-terms-quizSlide53

Body Planes

Frontal (Coronal)

plane

Vertical Divides body into anterior & posterior partsSlide54

Body Planes

Transverse plane

Horizontally

Divides body into superior & inferior partsSlide55

Body Planes

Oblique

Passes through at an angle

Midsagittal Divides body/organ into EQUAL right & left halves Parasagittal

Divides the body/organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves Slide56

Anatomical Planes

Anatomical Planes Quiz

http

://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=identify-anatomical-planes-directions--human-bodyBody Planes and Directional Termshttp://www.purposegames.com/game/body-planes-and-directional-terms-gameSlide57

Various Receptors

Thermoreceptors

- detect changes temperature

Barroreceptors-detect changes in blood pressurePhotoreceptors- detect changes lightChemoreceptors- detect changes in chemicals (e.x. carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc.) Osmoreceptors

- detect changes in osmotic pressureNociceptors- sense painMechanoreceptors- allow for movementSlide58

Regulating Oven at 375 Degrees

Heating Unit is activated

Oven Temperature rises

Temperature in oven rises above 375 degrees

Heating unit shuts offTemperature in oven decreases because heating unit is off

Open oven door, cold air goes in, temperature falls. Slide59

Body Temperature Regulation

Body temp increase is detected by receptors in skin and brain.

Heat-loss mechanisms activated by brain’s response to receptors.

Sweating increases, blood vessels in skin dilate which decrease body temp.Receptors in skin and brain cause decrease in body temp.

Heat-conserving and heat-generating mechanisms within the body are activated by the brain.Blood vessels in skin constrict, shivering occurs. Behavioral modifications take place which increases heat in the body. Slide60

Regulating Pool Chemicals

Lifeguard adds water

Lifeguard adds chlorine

Lifeguard tests for chlorine level and the result is decreased levels of chlorine

Lifeguard tests for chlorine levels and the result is increased levels of chlorinePool water level rises diluting chlorine concentration

Chlorine level in pool rises Slide61

Blood Glucose Regulation

Pancreas detects increase in blood glucose.

Increase in insulin secretion because of increase in blood sugar and parasympathetic stimulation.

Increased uptake of glucose due to insulin excess converted to glycogen or fat which causes decrease in glucose in the blood.

Pancreas detects decrease in glucose. Physical activity causes increased sympathetic stimulation of pancreas; increase in epinephrine from adrenal medulla.Slide62

Blood Glucose Continued

Decreased blood sugar causes decreased secretion of insulin, sympathetic stimulation of epinephrine.

Decreased uptake of glucose in tissue provides more glucose for brain, glycogen broken down to glucose, glucose synthesized, fat is broken down which increases glucose in blood and release from liver. Slide63

Blood Glucose

Pancreas detects decrease in glucose (after a meal).

Pancreas detects increase in blood glucose.

Decreased uptake of glucose in tissue provides more glucose for brain. Glycogen is broken down to glucose which increases glucose in blood. Increase in insulin secretion because of increase in blood sugarDecreased blood sugar causes decreased secretion of insulin. Increased uptake of glucose due to insulin excess converted to glycogen which causes decrease in glucose in the blood.Slide64

Negative Feedback Loops

Pool Chemicals

Blood Sugar Regulation

Homeostasis

C

E

D

B

A

F

Homeostasis

A

C

B

F

E

DSlide65

Blood Pressure Regulation

Receptors in blood vessels detect increase in blood pressure.

Brain’s control center for heart rate responds which decreases heart rate.

Decrease in heart rate causes a decrease in blood pressure. Receptors in blood vessels detect decrease in blood pressure.

Brain’s control center for heart rate responds which increases in heart rate. Increase in heart rate causes an increase in blood pressure.