The Historical Context: Great Debates in American FP, 1789-1945 - PowerPoint Presentation

1. The Historical Context: Great Debates in American FP, 1789-1945W - 3

2. Six debatesIsolationism vs. internationalismPower and Peace debates over how big a military and how much to spendHow true USFP has been to its democratic principlesWhether USFP has been imperialisticRelations with Latin AmericaUS as a Pacific Power

3. Three debates over FP PoliticsPAD struggles over going to warNational security vs. civil libertiesFree-trade vs. protectionism

4. Major events and their FP significanceThe Revolutionary War and the consolidation of independence 1776-1800Expansion and preservation 1801-1865Global emergence 1865-1919Isolationist retreat 1919-1941WWII 1941-1945

5. 1776-1800DateEventFP significance1776Declaration of IndependenceRevolutionary War, support from France1781Articles of ConfederationFailed effort at creating a union1783Treaty of ParisBritain defeated1787Constitution ratifiedUSA created1789George Washington, 1st PresidentThomas Jefferson, 1st Sec. of State1796Jay TreatyUS avoids another war with Britain1796Washington’s Farewell AddressWarns against entangling alliances1798Alien and Sedition ActsNational security – civil liberties

6. 1801 - 1865DateEventFP significance1803Louisiana Purchase from FranceDoubles size of the US1803-5Military action against Barbary pirates in MediterraneanEarly presidential use of force1812-14War of 181 vs. Great BritainAugust, 14-15, 1814:Washington, DC burned, WH included1823Monroe Doctrine proclaimedUS hegemony in W. Hemisphere1845Manifest Destiny proclaimedBasis for US expansion across the continent1846-48War with MexicoTexas, other territories annexed1853-54Commodore Perry’s voyage to JapanSome commercial and other relations1860 Abraham Lincoln elected presidentSouthern states secede, form Confederacy, seek European support and recognition

7. 1865 - 1919DateEventFP significance1882Chinese Exclusion Act passedSeverely limits Chinese immigration1890McKinley tariff passedProtectionism1898Spanish-American WarUS occupies Cuba (until 1922), Philippines becomes US colony, other pacific territories acquired from Spain1899Sec. of State Hay’s “Open Door” policyUS competes with European powers for access and influence in China1903Panama Canal construction beginsTed Roosevelt aupports Panamanian independence from Colombia, strikes deal on canal1904Roosevelt CorollaryReassertion of Monroe Doctrine including right to intervene militarily

8. Cont.DateEventFP significance1905Roosevelt’s diplomacy helps end Russo-Japanese WarRoosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize1909Occupation of NicaraguaUntil 19331909-12President Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Emphasis on economic interests in L. America and China1910-17Mexican RevolutionUS involvement includes occupation of Veracruz, military pursuit of Pancho Villa1914WWI beginsUS declares neutrality1915US occupies HaitiUntil 19341916US occupies Dominican RepublicUntil 1924

9. Cont.DateEventFP significance1917German hostilities against US increase, including submarine warfare and pursuing alliance with MexicoWilson proposes and Congress approves declaration of war1917October Revolution in RussiaUSSR formed1918US part of anti-Bolshevik military intervention in RussiaIntervention fails1918WWI ends1919Paris peace conference, Treaty of VersaillesWilson’s 14 points

10. Zimmerman note intercepted by a British agent and decoded

11. 1919 - 1941DateEventFP significance1919US Senate rejects Versailles TreatyLoN membership rejected, Wilson’s global leadership discredited1920“Palmer raids”, Red ScareNational Security – civil liberties tension1921-22Washington Conference limiting naviesUS, Britain, France, Italy, Japan1928Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing warFrance-US-led mix of diplomacy and isolationism1929US stock market crashGreat Depression1930Smoot-Hawley TariffProtectionism, exacerbates Great Depression1933Good Neighbor policy by FDRMajor shift toward L. America, including ending most occupations

12. Cont.DateEventFP significance1933Diplomatic recognition of USSRFDR initiative1933Hitler come to power Road to WWII1935Congress imposes neutralityFDR objects1936Spanish Civil warFranco comes to power1938Munich AgreementAppeasement1939WWII beginsUS stays out1940Lend-Lease and other aid to Britain and USSR

13. Cont.DateEventFP significance1940Congress approves military draftFirst peacetime draft in US history1940FDR elected to a third term1941FDR inaugural address, “Four Freedoms”Global US role based on core values and pronciples1941FDR and Churchill issue “Atlantic Charter”US-British alliance and vision for world orderDec 7, 1941Japan attacks Pearl HarborCongress declares war the next dayDec 11, 1941Germany declares war on USUS fully enters WWII

14. 1941 - 1945DateEventFP significance1942Initial Japanese victories in the PacificGeneral Douglas MacArthur forced to flee the Philippines1942Internment of 120.000 Japanese-AmericansNational security-civil liberties tension1942Battle of Midway (June)US victory, the tide is turned1942Manhattan Project stepped upDevelopment of A bomb1942Germany invades USSRStalingrad1942US and British troops land in North AfricaVictory in May 19431943FDR and Churchill meet in CasablancaWartime summit

15. Cont.DateEventFP significance1943FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet in TehranPostwar planning1944June 6, D-DayLanding in Normandy1944Bretton Woods conference, 44 countriesPlanning post-war international economic system1945Yalta conferencePostwar Planning1945May 8, V-E day, Germany divided, UN createdUS, Britain, France, USSR1945August 6-9, US drops atomic bombsFirst uses of nuclear weapons1945August 15, V-J dayJapan surrenders

16. Isolationism vs. internationalism“Steer clear of permanent alliances” (GW, 1798)“entangling alliance with none… peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations” (TJ)

17. How big a military, how much for defenceConstitutionAlfred Thayer MahanThe pattern until late 1940s: “low troop levels – massive mobilization”

18. Wartime Mobilization, Peacetime DemobilizationPrewar troop levelsWartime mobilizationPostwar demobilizationWar of 181212,00036,000n/aCivil war, 1861-6516,0001,000,00025,000WWI, 1917-18130,0002,000,000265,000WWII, 1941-45175,0008,500,000550,000

19. Principles: True to American Ideals?American ExceptionalismManifest DestinyFDR and “Four Freedoms”

20. Prosperity: US imperialism?“the flag follows the dollar”Interventions in Latin AmericaNicaragua 1909-10, 1912-25Honduras 1924-25Haiti 1915-24Dominican Republic 1916-24Cuba (Platt Amendment)

21. Debates on FP Politics: Going to warWar of 1812Mexican War 1846-48WWIWWII

22. THE WAR AT HOME The entire U.S. economy was focused on the war effort The shift from a consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government In the process, the power of the U.S. government expanded Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

23. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD The War Industries Board (WIB) encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques Under the WIB, industrial production and wages increased 20% Union membership almost doubled during the war years – from 2.5 million to 4 million To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson set up the National War Labor Board in 1918Poster encouraging production

24. VICTORY GARDENS To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) The FA declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “wheatless” Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland

25. National security vs. the Bill of Rights1798 Alien and Sedition ActsThe Espionage and Sedition Acts 1917-18Red Scare 1919-20Executive Order 9066, 19-2-1942

26. ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES As the war progressed, Civil Liberties were compromised Anti-Immigrant feelings were openly expressed especially anti-German and Austrian- Hungarian Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress These acts were designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against the spirit of the First Amendment (Free speech) Socialists and labor leaders were targetedAny anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

27. WWII: THE HOME FRONTThe war provided a lift to the U.S. economyJobs were abundant and despite rationing and shortages, people had money to spendBy the end of the war, America was the world’s dominant economic and military power

28. ECONOMIC GAINSUnemployment fell to only 1.2% by 1944 and wages rose 35% Farmers too benefited as production doubled and income tripled

29. POPULATION SHIFTSThe war triggered the greatest mass migration in American historyMore than a million newcomers poured into California between 1941-1944African Americans again shifted from south to north

30. INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANSWhen the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West CoastAfter Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese AmericansIn 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centersJapanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII

31. Location of the 10 Internment camps

32. Jerome camp in Arkansas

33. U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESEIn the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 Japanese-Americans

34. Free trade vs. ProtectionismBefore the Civil War divisions followed regional linesLate 19th century, along party linesReciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934): shift toward free trade