Q uestions on page 139 Create a summary page for arousal Complete cue cards for this section Connector Name and describe what is shown Connector Group presentation review Drive reduction Inverted U ID: 1038513
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1. ArousalLesson 2 of 2
2. Home learningQuestions on page 139Create a summary page for arousalComplete cue cards for this section
3. ConnectorName and describe what is shown
4. ConnectorGroup presentation reviewDrive reductionInverted UCatastrophe
5. Drive Theory (Hull, 1943)Proposed a linear relationship between arousal and performanceAs arousal increases so will quality of performanceHigher levels of arousal would intensify the dominant responseFor Elite performers this is likely to be correct responseFor beginners likely to be incorrect responseSpence and Spence (1968) adapted it using an equation:-Performance = Habit strength x drive Now considered an inadequate explanationWhen arousal reaches a high enough point performance will not improve Ronaldo
6. DRIVE THEORYPerformance = Habit strength X DriveP = H DThe more an elite sports person is aroused the better their performance due to the dominant response being chosen is habitual. The more a beginner sports person is aroused the dominant response may be incorrect and high levels of arousal can cause a deterioration in performance.
7. PROBLEMS WITH DRIVE THEORYThe habitual behaviour/ dominant response is not always the correct one (think of beginners) By increasing drive (arousal) performers often resort to previously learned skills because they are dominant but may be incorrect. Even highly skilled players ‘choke’ in highly charged situations.Anything else? Does not consider somatic and cognitive
8. Inverted U Hypothesis (Yerkes and Doson, 1908)Suggests that performance will increase with arousal to an optimum point.However if you go beyond that point then performance will decreaseFrom observations this seems to fit very well, however, it is too simplisticDoes it apply equally to the different phases of learning?Does it apply to all sports performance in the same way?
9. PROBLEMS WITH INVERTED U THEORYCritics question if optimal arousal always occurs at the mid-point of the curve. One curve does not explain the different optimal levels of arousal needed for simple and complex tasks. Anything else?
10. Does it apply equally to the different phases of learning?Beginners find it more difficult to cope with arousalLess habitual (Similar to Drive theory)Need to give more attention to the skill itself and arousal levels make take concentration awayRely heavily on environmental cues, may miss what is unexpected PerformanceArousalCognitiveAssociativeAutonomous
11. Does it apply to all sports performance in the same way?Can vary according to the skill being performedGross skills benefit from higher levels of arousal then fine skillsShot Putt compared to ArcheryCan vary within a sport dependant upon roleRugby forwards compared to backs Lion's team talkPerformanceArousalFine/ ComplexGross/Simple
12. AROUSAL THEORIES (3)CATASTROPHE THEORYA theory that predicts a rapid decline in performance resulting from the combination of high cognitive anxiety and increasing somatic anxiety.Devised by Hardy and Frazey (1987)Is a development of the Inverted U theory but involves a faster and more dramatic reduction in performance.It is more a model than theory because it tries to predict human behaviour rather than explain it. How does it differ from inverted U?
13. CATASTROPHE THEORYPoint A Cognitive anxiety is high.Somatic anxiety is low.Performance is enhanced. Point BCognitive anxiety is high.Somatic anxiety is high.Performance can deteriorate.Point CPerformance still deteriorating.Point DPerformance does not return to original level immediately even though performer is trying to decrease arousal.The worst over ever?
14. CATASTROPHE THEORYPhysiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted ‘U’ fashion when the athlete is not worried or has low cognitive anxiety state anxiety. If cognitive anxiety is high, the increases in arousal pass a point of optimal arousal and a rapid decline in performance occurs (the catastrophe). It would be very difficult to recover from this point.
15. AROUSAL AND ITS IMPACT ON PERFORMANCEOnce we attain our optimum level our reactions are at their fastest, we are able to screen out irrelevant information and do NOT suffer from Attentional Narrowing and Attentional WastageAttentional Narrowing: Focusing on too narrow a range of information or on the performance of a skill; this causes the performer to ignore important cues or information.This occurs when a performer is so tightly focused on performing the skill, or on a small part of the display (e.g. the defender in front of them), that they do not attend to other important aspects or they miss important cues (e.g. team mates they could pass to).
16. OutcomesCritique the ZOF and explain what is required to enter ‘being in the zone’Compare the ZOF with the inverted U theoryCritique Peak Flow Experience taking into consideration the factors that may interfere with the experience
17. Provide a sporting example for A and B
18.
19. ZOF – Consider the type of skill
20. Read the articles on Page 137Share your thoughts
21. Prove it reviewDo you understand the following? drive, inverted U and catastrophe theories practical applications and impact on performance Zone of Optimal Functioning and peak flow experience