Bleeding and Shock Chapters 8/9 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Bleeding and Shock

Chapters 8/9

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The Body Functions

3

conditions are needed to maintain adequate blood flow in the body:

The heart must be working well

An adequate amount of oxygen-rich blood must be circulating in the body

The blood vessels must be intact and able to adjust blood flow

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What is Blood?

Blood consists of liquid and solid components and compromises approximately 7 percent of the body’s total weight

The average adult has a blood volume of between 10-12 pints

The liquid part of the blood is called

plasma

The solid components include red and white blood cells and cell fragments called

platelets

Plasma makes up about half of the total

blood volume

Blood Volume- the total amount of blood circulating within the

body

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Plasma

Plasma maintains the blood volume needed for normal function of the circulatory system

Plasma also contains nutrients essential for energy production, growth and cell maintenance

Carries waste products for elimination

Transports the other blood components

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White Blood Cells

Are a key disease-fighting part of the immune system

They defend the body against invading microorganisms, or pathogens

They also aid in producing antibodies that help the body resist infection

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Red Blood Cells

Account for most of the solid components of the blood

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs

Red blood cells out number white blood cells about 1000 to 1

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Platelets

Disk-shaped structures in the blood that are made up of cell fragments

An essential part of the blood’s clotting mechanism because of their tendency to bind together

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Functions

Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

Protecting against disease and bacteria by producing antibodies and defending against pathogens

Maintaining body temperature by circulating throughout the body

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Blood Vessels

Blood is channeled through blood vessels

The major types are:

Arteries- Large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart to the rest of the body

Capillaries- Microscopic blood vessels linking arteries and veins; transporting oxygen and other nutrients from the blood to all body cells and remove waste products

Veins-Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from all parts of the body back to the heart

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When Bleeding Occurs

Our body reacts by:

Platelets begin to clot

More red blood cells are made

Excess fluid is absorbed into blood stream to make up for lost volume

Hemorrhage- large amount of blood loss

The brain, heart, and lungs immediately attempt to compensate for blood loss to maintain the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body tissues– particularly the vital organs

The brain recognizes a blood shortage, signals the heart to circulate more blood and to constrict more blood vessels in the extremities

The brain signals the lungs to work harder, providing more oxygen

Platelets also collect at the wound site in an effort to stop blood loss through clotting

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External Bleeding

Bleeding that can be seen coming from a wound

Occurs when a blood vessel is opened externally, such as though a tear in the skin

Each type of blood vessel bleeds differently

Atrial bleeding are rapid, severe, and pulses with heart beat- spurts; bright red

Venous bleeding is a slow steady flow; dark red or maroon-

Capillary bleeding is slow and oozes; paler red

Most external bleeding can be controlled with pressure

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Care for External Bleeding

Direct pressure- pressure applied on a wound to control bleeding

By a gloved hand or bandage

Pressure placed on a wound restricts the blood flow through the wound and allows normal clotting to occur

Clotting- the process by which blood thickens at a wound site to seal a hole or tear in a blood vessel and stops bleeding

Pressure on a wound can be maintained by applying a bandage snugly to the injured area

Pressure bandage- a bandage applied snugly to create pressure on a wound to aid on control bleeding

Elevation- if possible raise the injured area about the heart- gravity helps slow blood flow

Pressure points- areas in the body where arteries pass over bones

Brachial- upper arm between bicep and

tricep

Femoral- upper inner thigh area

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Preventing Disease Transmission

Avoid

contact with blood and other body

fluids

.

Wear

disposable gloves

Cover

any cuts, scrapes or sores

Change

gloves before providing care to a different

victim

Remove

disposable gloves without contacting the soiled part of the gloves and dispose

of them

in a proper

container

Thoroughly

wash your hands and other areas immediately after providing

care

Use alcohol-based

hand sanitizer where hand-washing facilities are not available if your

hands are

not visibly soiled. When practical, wash your hands before providing

care

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Signals of severe external bleeding

Blood spurting from the wound

Bleeding that fails to stop after all measures have been taken to control it

First Aid for External Bleeding

CHECK scene, then CHECK person

Obtain consent

Cover with a sterile dressing

Apply direct pressure until bleeding stops

Cover dressing with bandage

IF BLEEDING DOES NOT STOP

Apply additional dressings and bandages and continue to apply pressure

Take steps to minimize shock, monitor ABC’s

CALL 9-1-1

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Internal Bleeding

Bleeding inside the body

The escape of blood from arteries, capillaries or veins into spaces in the body

Severe internal bleeding can occur from injuries caused by a blunt force

May also occur when an object penetrates the skin and damages internal organs

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Signals for Internal Bleeding

Soft tissues

Swelling, tenderness in the injured area

Anxiety or restlessness

Rapid or weak pulse

Rapid breathing, shortness of breath

Skin that feels cool or looks pale

Bruising in injured area

Nausea, vomiting

Abdominal pain

Excessive thirst

Decreased level of consciousness

Severe headache

Care for Internal Bleeding

Depends on severity of bleeding and the site of injury

Minor- cold ice pack

Major -

Call 9-1-1

Do no further harm

Monitor breathing and consciousness

Help victim feel comfortable

Keep temperature normal

Reassure the victim

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Shock

The failure of the circulatory system to provide adequate oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body

Traumatic- shock related to trauma and illness

A progressive condition in which the circulatory system fails to circulate oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body

When vital signs do not receive oxygen-rich blood- they fail to function properly

When more severe injuries occur the body maybe unable to adjust

When the body is unable to meet its demand for oxygen because blood fails to circulate adequately, shock occurs

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The Body’s Responses

The heart beats faster and stronger to adjust to the increased demand for oxygen

Because the heart is beating faster breathing must also speed up to meet the body’s increased demand for oxygen

A sudden drop of blood pressure

Many things affect the severity and effect of shock on a

person

EX: a person’s health

, age, gender and

personality

where on their body they are injured, and the

environment they are in

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Causes

Heart

conditions--heart

attack, heart

failure

Internal

or external

bleeding

Dehydration

Infection

Severe allergic reaction

Spinal

injuries

Burns

Persistent vomiting or diarrhea

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Common Types of Shock

Type

Cause

Anaphylactic

Life-threatening allergic

reaction to a substance, may cause airway to swell, affecting ability to breathe; can occur from insect stings or from foods

Cardiogenic

Failure of the

heart to effectively circulate blood to all parts of the body; occurs with heart attack

Hypovolemic

Severe bleeding or loss of blood

plasma; occurs with internal or external wounds or burns or with severe fluid loss, as from vomiting and diarrhea

Neurogenic

A disruption of the autonomic nervous system,

which results on the blood vessel expanding and creating a drop in blood pressure; can be caused by fluid loss, trauma to the nervous system or emotional shock. Fainting is an example

of this

Septic

Toxins caused by a severe infection cause the blood vessels

to dilate

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Signals

Restlessness or irritability

Altered consciousness

Pale or cool skin

Rapid breathing

Rapid or weak pulse

Excessive thirst

Nausea or vomiting

Care

CHECK, CALL, CARE

Make the victim as comfortable as possible

Keep victim’s temperature normal

Watch consciousness, breathing rate, skin appearance

Have them lie down on their back

Do not give them anything to eat or drink

Elevate legs to help circulate blood

UNLESS

Victim is nauseated or having trouble breathing

Has a head, neck, or spine injury

If moving causes pain

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The Domino Effect