What is Biology What is Biology Scientific study of Life Filled with QUESTIONS Good Questions Questions that can be investigated What is Life What is Life 7 Properties of Life What is Life ID: 1022836
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Chapter 1 Themes in the Study of Life" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Chapter 1Themes in the Study of Life
2. What is Biology?
3. What is Biology?Scientific study of LifeFilled with QUESTIONSGood QuestionsQuestions that can be investigated
4. What is Life?
5. What is Life?7 Properties of Life
6. What is Life?7 Properties of LifeOrderEvolutionary adaptationResponding to the environmentGrowth and developmentReproductionEnergy processingRegulation
7. What are the Major Themes of Biology
8. Major Themes of BiologyNew properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchyOrganisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energyStructure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organizationCells are an organism’s basic units of structure and functionsThe continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNAFeedback mechanisms regulate biological systems
9. Evolution“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution”- Who Said This?
10. Evolution“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution”Dobzhansky
11. Evolution“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution”DobzhanskyCore ThemeEvolution accounts for the unity and diversity of lifeIts importance will demonstrate a large role in this courseCan always refer to Section 1.2 throughout the semester
12. How do scientists pose and answer questions about the natural world?
13. How is Biology examined?
14. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachHolistic approachSystems biology
15. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approach
16. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachReduce complex systems to simple components
17. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachReduce complex systems to simple componentsHolistic approach
18. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachReduce complex systems to simple componentsHolistic approachLarger-scale, with the objective of understanding how the emergent properties work together
19. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachReduce complex systems to simple componentsHolistic approachLarger-scale, with the objective of understanding how the emergent properties work togetherSystems biology
20. How is Biology examined?Reductionist approachReduce complex systems to simple componentsHolistic approachLarger-scale, with the objective of understanding how the emergent properties work togetherSystems biologyGoal is to construct models for the behavior of a whole systems
21. What is inquiry?
22. What is inquiry?Inquiry is the search for information and explanation that often focuses on specific questions
23. Scientists use two main forms of scientific inquiryDiscovery ScienceHypothesis-Based Science
24. Scientists use two main forms of scientific inquiryDiscovery Science
25. Scientists use two main forms of scientific inquiryDiscovery ScienceDescribing natureMore qualitative in natureCan have quantitative aspectsDescribes natural processesUses observation to gather information (directly or indirectly) with tools Recorded observations are called data
26. Scientists use two main forms of scientific inquiryHypothesis-Based Science
27. Scientists use two main forms of scientific inquiryHypothesis-Based ScienceDescribing natureMore qualitative in natureCan have quantitative aspectsDescribes natural processesUses observation to gather information (directly or indirectly) with tools Recorded observations are called data
28. What is a hypothesis?
29. What is a hypothesis?Tentative answer to a well-framed questionExplanation on trialEducated Guess that is based on experience and the data available from Observation
30. What makes a Good Hypothesis?
31. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableFalsifiableCannot be PROVENGains credibility by surviving attempts to falsify it
32. What makes a Good Hypothesis?Testable
33. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validity
34. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validityFalsifiable
35. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validityFalsifiableThere must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if such an idea is NOT trueGenerally, scientists frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to falsify
36. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validityFalsifiableThere must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if such an idea is NOT trueGenerally, scientists frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to falsifyCannot be PROVEN
37. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validityFalsifiableThere must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if such an idea is NOT trueGenerally, scientists frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to falsifyCannot be PROVENTesting supports a hypothesis not by Proving it, but instead by not eliminating it through the falsificationIt’s impossible to test ALL alternative hypothesis
38. What makes a Good Hypothesis?TestableA way to check the validityFalsifiableThere must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if such an idea is NOT trueGenerally, scientists frame two or more alternative hypotheses and design experiments to falsifyCannot be PROVENTesting supports a hypothesis not by Proving it, but instead by not eliminating it through the falsificationIt’s impossible to test ALL alternative hypothesisGains credibility by surviving attempts to falsify it
39. What are the Types of Data?
40. Types of DataQualitativeQuantitative
41. Types of DataQualitative
42. Types of DataQualitativeRecorded descriptions rather than numericalGeneral observationsColors
43. Types of DataQualitativeRecorded descriptions rather than numericalGeneral observationsColorsQuantitative
44. Types of DataQualitativeRecorded descriptions rather than numericalGeneral observationsColorsQuantitativeRecorded measurementsNumerical in nature
45. What are theTypes of Reasoning
46. Types of ReasoningInductive ReasoningDeductive Reasoning
47. Types of ReasoningInductive Reasoning
48. Types of ReasoningInductive ReasoningFrom inductionDerive generalizations from a large number of specific observationsEx:If every organisms that you have studied is made of cells, then it would be acceptable to induce that all organisms are made of cells.
49. Types of ReasoningInductive ReasoningFrom inductionDerive generalizations from a large number of specific observationsEx:If every organisms that you have studied is made of cells, then it would be acceptable to induce that all organisms are made of cells.Deductive Reasoning
50. Types of ReasoningInductive ReasoningFrom inductionDerive generalizations from a large number of specific observationsEx:If every organisms that you have studied is made of cells, then it would be acceptable to induce that all organisms are made of cells.Deductive ReasoningLogic flows from general to specificUsually take the form of prediction of experimental or observational resultsEx:If all organisms are made of cells, and humans are organisms, then humans are composed of cells
51. Scientific MethodAsk a QuestionDo Background ResearchConstruct a HypothesisTest Your Hypothesis by Doing an ExperimentAnalyze Your Data and Draw a ConclusionCommunicate Your Results
52.
53. What is Experimental Design?
54. Integrating Experimental Design into Science
55. Experimental Design: The ProcessPaper airplane - everybody builds oneObserve the plane’s flightReady, set, hold it …How do we determine which is best?5 minutes to modify, make one changeWrite your hypothesis on your plane
56. Leading QuestionsHow did you act on your plane?What did you purposefully change about your plane?How did you determine your plane’s response?What remained the same about about your plane?
57.
58. Experimental Design Diagram
59. Experimental Design ProblemsCompost & Bean Plants After studying about recycling, members of John's biology class investigated the effect of various recycled products on plant growth. John's lab group compared the effect of different aged grass compost on bean plants. Because decomposition is necessary for release of nutrients, the group hypothesized that older grass compost would produce taller bean plants Three flats of bean plants (25 plantslflat) were grown for 5 days. The plants were then fertilized as follows: (a) Flat A: 450 g of three-month-old compost, (b) Flat B: 450 g of six-month-old compost, and (c) Flat C: 0 g compost. The plants received the same amount of sunlight and water each day At the end of 30 days the group recorded the height of the plants (cm).
60. Experimental Design Diagram
61. Scenario 2 Metals & Rusting Iron In chemistry class, Allen determined the effectiveness of various metals in releasing hydrogen gas from hydrochloric acid. Several weeks later, Allen read that a utilities company was burying lead next to iron pipes to prevent rusting Allen hypothesized that less rusting would occur with the more active metals. He placed the following into separate beakers of water: (a) 1 iron nail, (b) 1 iron nail wrapped with an aluminum strip, (c) 1 iron nail wrapped with a magnesium strip, (d) 1 iron nail wrapped with a lead strip. He used the same amount of water, equal amounts (mass) of the metals and the same type of iron nails. At the end of 5 days, he rated the amount of rusting as small, moderate, or large. He also recorded the color of the water.
62. Experimental Design Diagram
63. Perfumes & Bee's BehaviorJoAnna read that certain perfume esters would agitate bees. Because perfume formulas are secret, she decided to determine if the unknown Ester X was present in four different perfumes by observing the bees' behavior. She placed a saucer containing 10 ml of the first perfume 3 m from the hive. She recorded the time required for the bees to emerge and made observations on their behavior. After a 30-minute recovery period, she tested the second, third, and fourth perfumes. All experiments were conducted on the same day when the weather conditions were similar, e.g., air, temperature and wind.
64. Experimental Design Diagram
65. Fossils and Cliff DepthSusan observed that different kinds and amounts of fossils were preset in a cliff behind her house. She wondered why changes in fossils content occurred from the top to the bank. She marked the bank at five positions: 5,10,15, 20, and 25m from the surface. She removed 1 bucket of soil from each of the positions and determined the kind and number of fossils in each sample.
66. Experimental Design DiagramTitle: The effect of depth on the different types and amounts of fossils.Hypothesis: If depth increases in a fossil bank, then different fossils will occur. Independent Variable: Depth of soil Modifications 5 10 15 20 25 # of Trials 1 1 1 1 1Dependent Variable: Amount and type of fossils.Constant: 1 bucketControl ?
67. Aloe vera and PlanariaJackie read that Aloe vera promoted healing of burned tissue. She decided to investigate the effect of varying amounts of aloe vera and regeneration of planaria. She bisected the planaria to obtain 10 parts (5 heads and 5 tails) for each experimental group. She applied concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% Aloe vera to the groups. Fifteen ml of Aloe vera solutions were applied. All planaria were maintained in a growth chamber with identical food, temperature, and humidity. On day 15, Jackie observed the regeneration of the planaria parts and categorized deeloped as full, partial, or none.
68. Experimental Design DiagramTitle: The effect of aloe vera on regeneration of planaria.Hypothesis: If more aloe vera is used then there will be an increased amount of aloe vera. Independent Variable: Percentage of Aloe VeraModifications 10% 20% 30% # of Trials 10 10 10Dependent Variable: amount of regenerationConstant: food, temperature, humidityControl : 0% aloe vera