51 5 BODY RHYTHMS AND MENTAL STATES The Rhythms of Sleep 52 Exploring the Dream World 53 The Riddle of Hypnosis 54 PSYCHOLOGY Twelfth Edition Carole Wade Carol Tavris ID: 557934
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Slide1
Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience
5.1
5
BODY RHYTHMS AND MENTAL STATES
The Rhythms of Sleep
5.2
Exploring the Dream
World
5.3
The Riddle of
Hypnosis
5.4
PSYCHOLOGY
, Twelfth Edition
|
Carole Wade • Carol Tavris
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education Inc. All rights reserved.
Consciousness-Altering Drugs
5.5Slide2
Our awareness of ourselves and the environment
onsciousness
CSlide3
5.1
Biological Rhythms: The Tides of ExperienceSlide4
5.1
Module Learning Objectives
5.1.A
Define circadian rhythms, and explain how the body’s “biological clock” works (and what happens when it doesn’t)
.
5.1.B
Explain why seasonal affective disorder and premenstrual syndrome are examples of long-term biological rhythms, and summarize the evidence regarding the existence of both phenomena
.Slide5
iological rhythms
A periodic, more or less regular
fluctuation in a biological systemSlide6
Circadian Rhythms
Circadian rhythm:
A biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours
Example:
Sleep-wake cycle
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN):
Located in hypothalamus, contains a biological clock governing circadian rhythmsSlide7
When the Clock Is Out of Sync
Internal
desynchronization
A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another
Influenced by changes
in one’s normal routine
Flights across time zonesNew work shiftsSlide8
Moods and Long-Term Rhythms
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Controversial
disorder in
which a person experiences:
Depression during particular seasons, typically winter
Possible causes: Circadian rhythms out of
syncAbnormality in
production of, or response to, melatonin
Treatment involves phototherapy, exposure
to fluorescent lightSlide9
Does the Season Affect Moods?Slide10
Does the Menstrual Cycle Affect Moods?
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Vague cluster of physical and emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation:Fatigue
HeadacheIrritability
DepressionSlide11
Culture and PMS
PMS symptoms reported most often:North America
Western EuropeAustralia
Many women do have physical symptomsCrampsBreast tenderness
Water retentionEmotional symptoms are quite rare
Fewer than 5 percentSlide12
Culture and PMSSlide13
5.2
The Rhythms of SleepSlide14
5.2
Module Learning Objectives
5.2.A
Describe the four stages of sleep, and explain the primary features of each stage
.
5.2.B
List the mental consequences of sleeplessness and the mental benefits of a good night’s sleep
.Slide15
The Realms of Sleep
The sleep cycle consists of:
Periods of rapid eye movement (REM sleep)
Periods of fewer eye movements (non-REM sleep)
Recurs, on average,
every 90 minutesSlide16
The Realms of Sleep
Stage NREM-2:
Sleep spindles; minor noises won’
t disturb you
Stage NREM-3:
Delta waves begin; breathing and pulse slow down; deep sleep
Stage NREM-1:
Small, irregular brain waves; light sleepSlide17
Figure 5.2: Brain-Wave Patterns during Wakefulness and SleepSlide18
The Realms of Sleep
REM sleep
Characterized
by:
Rapid-eye movements
Increased heart rate, blood pressureBreathing faster and irregular
Limp musclesIncreased dreamingSlide19
The Realms of SleepSlide20
Figure 5.3: A Typical Night’s Sleep for a Young AdultSlide21
Table 5.1: Characteristics of Sleep StagesSlide22
Why We Sleep
Sleep is necessary for:
Bodily restoration
Normal mental
functioning
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
ZSlide23
The Mental Consequences of Sleeplessness
Decreases
Ability of new brain cells to develop or mature normally
Increases
Level of stress hormone
cortisolSlide24
The Mental Consequences of SleeplessnessSlide25
The Mental Consequences of Sleeplessness
Sleep apnea:
Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken
Narcolepsy:
Sudden
and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM
sleep
REM behavior disorder:
Muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent/incomplete; sleeper can act out his or her dreamsSlide26
Mental Benefits of Sleep
Consolidation of memories
Most closely associated with slow waves that occur during Stage NREM-3
REM sleep
Related to some improvements in learning and memory
Problem solvingSlide27
5.3
Exploring the Dream WorldSlide28
5.3
Module Learning Objectives
5.3.A
Discuss explanations for why we dream
.
5.3.B
Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of each major dream theory
.Slide29
Dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”
Express unconscious conflicts and wishes, often sexual and violent
Thoughts and objects are disguised symbolically to make them less threatening
Psychoanalytic
Today, psychoanalytic interpretations considered far-fetched
Explanations of DreamingSlide30
Dreams as Efforts to Deal with
Problems
Dreams reflect ongoing conscious preoccupations (with relationships, work, sex, health, etc.)
May provide us with an opportunity to resolve waking concerns
Problem-Focused ApproachSlide31
Dreams as Thinking
Dreams are a modification of the cognitive activity we engage in while awake
Brain is cut off from sensory input and feedback from the world and our bodily movements
Resulting thoughts are more diffuse, unfocused
Cognitive Slide32
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity
Neurons fire spontaneously in the pons, send signals with no psychological meaning to the cortex
Cortex synthesizes signals with existing knowledge and memories, tries to interpret them
Result is a
dreamSlide33
Problem-Focused Approach
Evaluating Dream Theories
Cognitive
Skepticism about the ability to solve problems during sleep
Some specific claims remain to be tested
Does not explain coherent, story-like dreams or non-REM dreams
Activation-Synthesis Theory Slide34
5.4
The Riddle of HypnosisSlide35
5.4
Module Learning Objectives
5.4.A
Summarize six established facts about hypnosis, and outline the truth and misconceptions associated with each
.
5.4.B
Contrast the dissociation theory of hypnosis from the
sociocognitive
approach, noting how each accounts for aspects of hypnotized behavior
.Slide36
The Nature of Hypnosis
A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in a subject’
s sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviorSlide37
Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.
Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.
Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.
Hypnosis does not
increase accuracy of memory.
Hypnosis does not
produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events.
Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes.
The Nature of Hypnosis
1
2
3
4
5
6Slide38
The Nature of HypnosisSlide39
Sociocognitive
Theories of Hypnosis
Hypnosis is a split in consciousness
Hilgard
version:
Split between hypnotized consciousness and hidden observer
Contemporary version:
Split between two systems of the brain
“Executive” vs. information processing
Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between:
Social
influence of
the hypnotistSubject
’s abilities, beliefs and expectations
DissociationSlide40
Figure 5.5: Dissociation Theories of HypnosisSlide41
Figure 5.6: Sociocognitive Theories of HypnosisSlide42
Brain-scan studies
are increasing our understanding of what happens in the brain during hypnosis.
Still, it’s too soon
to draw any conclusions from this research about what hypnosis really is and how it works.
BIOLOGY AND
HYPNOSIS
What Is Hypnosis and How Does It Work?Slide43
5.5
Consciousness-Altering DrugsSlide44
5.5
Module Learning Objectives
5.5.A
List the four main categories of psychoactive drugs, and summarize the main effects of each
.
5.5.B
Outline the physiology of drug effects, and explain the process by which biochemical changes take place
.
5.5.C
Summarize four psychological aspects of drug effects, and comment on how each one might moderate physiological drug effects
.Slide45
P
sychoactive
drugs
Drugs capable of influencing perception,
mood,
cognition,
or
behaviorSlide46
Classifying Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Psychedelic
Opiates
MarijuanaSlide47
Stimulants
Speed up activity in central nervous system
Include
:
Nicotine
Caffeine
CocaineAmphetamines
Methamphetamine
MDMASlide48
Depressants
Slow down activity in central nervous system
Include:
Alcohol
TranquilizersBarbiturates
Other common chemicalsSlide49
Opiates
Derived from the opium poppy; relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria
Include:
Opium
MorphineHeroin
MethadoneCodeineOxycodone
HydrocodoneSlide50
Psychedelic Drugs
Disrupt normal thought processes, such as the perception of time and space; sometimes produce hallucinations
Include:
LSD
MescalineSalvia
divinorumPsilocybinSlide51
Marijuana
Some classify as psychedelic, others place outside other classifications
Can produce varied reactions, from mild euphoria to sleepinessSlide52
The Physiology of Drug Effects
Psychoactive drugs can:
Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters
Prevent the reuptake of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that released themInterfere with the receptors that a neurotransmitter normally binds to
Example (Figure 5.7): Cocaine’s effect on the brain Slide53
FACTORS IMPACTING REACTION TO DRUGS
Experience
Mental Set
Environment
Person’s
physical
condition
The Psychology of Drug EffectsSlide54
Taking Psychology with You
The Drug Debate
People often find it hard to think critically about drug laws and policies.
What drugs should be legal, which illegal, and which decriminalized
?Slide55
End of ChapterSlide56
Interactive FiguresSlide57
Interactive figure
Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults
Click here to watch the interactive feature.Slide58
Interactive figure
Brain Activity During Sleep
Click here to watch the interactive feature.Slide59
Interactive figure
The Brain and Activation-Synthesis Theory
Click here to watch the interactive feature.Slide60
AcknowledgmentsSlide61
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