Four hot topics in biotechnology Stem Cells DNA Fingerprinting Biotechnology the engineering of organisms for useful purposes A chimera a mixture of a goat and a sheep Biotechnology Animal Cloning ID: 998377
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1. BiotechnologyCloningGenetically modified foodFour hot topics in biotechnology:Stem CellsDNA Fingerprinting
2. Biotechnology: the engineering of organisms for useful purposes.A chimera, a mixture of a goat and a sheep.Biotechnology
3. Animal CloningMegan and Morag, the world’s first cloned mountain sheep.
4. Why Clone Animals?1. To answer questions of basic biology2. For herd improvement 4. To make us happy (e.g. pet cloning)3. For pharmaceutical productionPrometea, the first cloned horse (in foreground) with her identical twin and surrogate mother Stella Cometa.
5. Utah State University(And Idaho State)First Cloned Mule
6. Egg CellUdder CellsAn egg is taken from the surrogate motherA needle removes the DNA from the egg cell.An udder cell (or other somatic cell) is taken from the organism being cloned.The “blank” egg cell is fused with the udder cell.Electricity stimulates the fused cell to begin dividing into an embryo.
7. http://www.jpvpk.gov.my/html/news/archives/English/Feb02%2016B.htmThe First Cloned PetCarbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal she was cloned from.(Science (2002) 295:1443)This is “Carbon Copy”…the first cloned pet.Rainbow and her clone “cc”http://drsophiayin.com/blog/entry/cloning-cats-rainbow-and-cc-prove-that-cloning-wont-resurrect-your-pet
8. The First Cloned PetIf they are clones, why aren’t the identical?The genes that controls coat color can be active or inactive in each skin cell. This is a random process. Even though CC has the gene for orange spots, that gene has been “turned off”Read more about these un-identical clones here.
9. Is Animal Cloning Ethical?The first cloned horse and her surrogate mother/genetic twin.The answer can’t be determined by scientists alone.
10. Stem CellsA stem cell is a cell that has not yet been assigned a specific function.During development the stem cells become specializedStem CellNerve CellWhite Blood CellSkin Cell
11. Stem CellsThis specialization is terminal.That means that once a cell has been specialized it can only produce more cells like it.White Blood CellWhite Blood Cell
12. One of the best sources for stem cells is an embryo of a developing fetus.Stem CellsWhere can you find stem cells?This is a four day old embryo called a blastocyst. Each of these developing cells is a stem cell!
13. FYI: When stem cells are harvested, the embryo is destroyed and can no longer grow into a fetus
14. Stem CellsWhat do scientists do with stem cells?Researchers believe that stem cells can be used to replace damaged tissue caused by:CancerMultiple SclerosisParkinson’s DiseaseSpinal Damage
15. Ethical Questions If stem cells are taken from these masses, are you destroying life?Are these masses of cells a human?
16. More Ethical DilemmasAt what point does an embryo become a human?Is it ethical to use “extra” or “left over” embryos from In Vitro fertilization for stem cell research?If your grandfather developed a disease that could possibly be cured using stem cells, would you donate an embryo?
17. Stem CellsThere ARE other sources for stem cells, but they are believed to be inferior to embryonic stem cells:Bone MarrowLipid cells
18. DNA FingerprintingA DNA fingerprint used in a murder case.What are we looking at? The defendant stated that the blood on his clothing was his, was he telling the truth?
19. DNA FingerprintingDifferent individuals carry different alleles.Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the basis of the number of repetitive DNA sequences they contain.
20. DNA FingerprintingDNA can be cut up in pieces of alleles. Each piece is a different size.A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragment.
21. The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size The technique is gel electrophoresis. The pattern of DNA bands is compared between each sample loaded on the gel.
22. DNA Electrophoresis Animation
23. Genetically Modified FoodsWe genetically modify our food for disease resistance, to change its taste, and to make it grow faster and larger.
24. Genetically Modified FoodsWhat is the controversy?A branch of government called the “Food and Drug Administration” (FDA) is responsible for determining if a food or drug is “safe”For example, genetically modified salmon:The FDA treats this as an animal drug and not a food. This means they have a very narrow definition of “safe” and do not necessarily run the correct tests on the salmon before we eat it.http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6007/1052.full.pdf
25. Genetically Modified FoodsHowever, many organizations have used what we DON’T KNOW about GM foods to try to stop genetic engineering of foods all together.The “Indian Institute of Science” noted that people have been eating GM corn for more than a decade in several countries, and there have been no related health issues reported.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v480/n7377/pdf/480321d.pdf
26. Methods for Plant Genetic Engineering are Well-Developed and Similar to Those for Animals
27. Golden Rice is Modified to Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin AWorldwide, 7% of children suffer vitamin A deficiency, many of them living in regions in which rice is a staple of the diet.However, many of these same regions have banned GM foodsGolden rice (yellow) with standard rice (white).
28. Here in the U.S. more GM crops are grown each year:
29. Genetically Modified CropsGenetically Modified Cotton (contains a bacterial gene for pest resistance)Standard Cotton
30. BiotechnologyLet’s summarize:Four of the most talked about biotechnology efforts are in cloning, stem cell research, DNA fingerprinting, and genetically modified foods.Advances in biotechnology raise ethical questions that scientists alone cannot answer.