Contamination The transfer of a hazardous material in greater than acceptable quantities to People Equipment Environment Contamination and Decontamination Decontamination Decon Contamination Reduction ID: 706105
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Contamination and Decontamination
Contamination
The transfer of a hazardous material in greater than acceptable quantities to
People
Equipment
EnvironmentSlide3
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination
Decon
Contamination Reduction
The process of removing hazardous materials to prevent the spread of contaminants beyond a specific area
Reduce contamination to levels that are no longer harmfulSlide4
Contamination and Decontamination
Types of Contamination
Primary (Direct)
Secondary
Surface
PermeationSlide5
Contamination and Decontamination
Types of Contamination
Primary (Direct)
Simply referred to as contamination
Occurs in the
hot zone
Direct contact with a hazardous material
Direct transfer of a hazardous material to
People
Animals
Equipment
Environment
Easiest way to avoid contamination
Avoid contact with the hazardous materialSlide6
Contamination and Decontamination
Types of Contamination
Secondary
Sometimes called
cross contamination
Occurs outside the
hot zone
carried by
Personnel's clothing
Tools
Air Currents
Runoff Water
Personnel, equipment, etc. must be decontaminated prior to leaving the hot zoneSlide7
Contamination and Decontamination
Types of Contamination
Surface
Limited to the surface of a material
Doesn’t penetrate, permeate, or soak into materials
Dry solids
Chemical powders
Chemical dusts
Unlikely to contaminate anything except the outer surfaces they contactSlide8
Contamination and Decontamination
Types of Contamination
Permeation
Penetrate below the surface of a material
Particularly if chemicals are liquids or gases
Contact material is porousSlide9
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Methods
Must determine the type and method of decon before personnel enter the hot zone
Methods
Wet or dry
Physical or chemical
Before initiating decon consider?
Is it safe to conduct decon?
What are the alternatives?
Are there adequate resources to conduct the operation?Slide10
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Methods
Wet
Involve washing the contaminated surface with solutions
Flushing with a hose stream or safety shower
Usually necessitate the collection of runoff water
Wading pools
Liquid retaining devicesSlide11
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Methods
Dry
Methods such as scraping, brushing & absorption
Removing contaminated clothing
Allowing an aerosol to evaporate
Removing contaminated dust
Vacuuming
Sticky tape
Do not create large amounts of contaminated liquid runoffSlide12
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Methods
Physical
Contaminated removed without changing the material chemically
Contaminant is then contained for disposal
Absorption
Adsorption
Brushing
Scraping
Dilution
Evaporation
WashingSlide13
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Methods
Chemical
Used to make the contaminant less harmful
Changes it through some kind of chemical process
Using bleach to kill a potentially harmful etiological agent
Chemical degradation
Sanitization
Disinfection
Sterilization
Neutralization
SolidificationSlide14
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Can be performed by operational level responders
Operations Plus
Must be given appropriate trainingSlide15
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Gross Decon
Aimed at getting the worst contaminate parts off the victim quickly
Usually by flushing with water
Hose stream
Safety shower
Other water source
Performed before technical decon
Entry team personnel
Victims during emergency decon
Persons requiring mass deconSlide16
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Emergency Decon
Removing the threatening contaminant from the victim as quickly as possible
No regard for the environment or property
May be necessary for both victims and rescuers
Failure of protective clothing
Accidental contamination of first responders
Heat illness or other injury suffered by first responders
Immediate medical attention required for other victims Slide17
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Emergency Decon
Considered a quick fix
Removal of all contaminants may not occur
A more thorough decontamination must follow
Creates contaminated runoff that can be harmful to the environment
Benefit outweighs the risk Slide18
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Technical (Formal) Decon
Uses chemicals or physical methods to thoroughly remove contaminants from responders
Primarily entry team personnel and their equipment
May also be used on incident victims in non-life-threatening situations
Usually conducted after gross deconSlide19
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Technical (Formal) Decon
Uses chemicals or physical methods to thoroughly remove contaminants from responders
Primarily entry team personnel and their equipment
May also be used on incident victims in non-life-threatening situations
Usually conducted after gross deconSlide20
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Mass Decon
Process of conducting gross decontamination of multiple people at one time in emergency situations
May be conducted with or without formal decon
High volume low pressure nozzles
Ideally, a soap and water solution is more effective
Using building features
Fire sprinklers
Public fountains
Swimming poolsSlide21
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Patient Decon
Necessary whenever victims have been contaminated yet need medical attention
Uses the same techniques as
Gross
Emergency
TechnicalSlide22
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Decontamination Implementation
Site Selection
Accessibility
Adjacent to the hot zone
Terrain and surface material
Site ideally slopes towards the hot zone
Lighting (electrical supply)
Should have adequate lighting
Drains and waterways
Protect all environmentally sensitive areas
Water supply
Water must be available
Weather
Up wind of the hot zoneSlide23
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Decontamination Corridor
Should be visually identifiable
Barrier tape
Safety cones
Ensure privacy
Bag and tag contaminated clothing / effectsSlide24
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Evidence Collection
Haz mat incidents may also be crime scenes
Minimize the amount of disturbance
Life safety must always be a top priority
Dead victims may contain evidence on or in their bodies
Still must go through decon before transporting
Personal effects become evidence Slide25
Contamination and Decontamination
Decontamination Types and Procedures
Termination
NFPA 471
A debriefing needs to be held for those involved
As soon as practical
Provide as much information as possible
Delayed health effects
Schedule follow-up examinationsSlide26
Contamination and Decontamination
Works Cited
N.F.P.A. 472
“Standard for Competence of responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents”
2008 Edition
N.F.P.A 1001
“Standard for Professional Firefighter Qualifications”
2008 Edition
N.F.P.A. 1561 “
Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System”
2008 Edition
O.S.H.A 29 CFR 1910.120 “
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
”
U.S. DOT “
Emergency Response Guidebook
” 2008 Edition