AND TACTICS NineteenthCentury Empires SUPERQUIZ Section II PART 5 13 questions 325 The Tools of Empire The Tools of Empire Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century Excerpts ID: 776420
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Slide1
NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICSNineteenth-Century Empires
SUPERQUIZ
Section II – PART 5
13 questions – 32.5%
Slide2The Tools of Empire
The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Excerpts
)
By Daniel
R.Headrick
Slide3Momentous consequences
Two events of the 19th century had momentous consequences for the entire worldEuropean domination and exploitation of ____________and ________________the power and progress of ______________________________________________ traces the connections between these two eventsHistorians up to now have only studied these occurrences separately instead of in tandem
Asia Africa
industrial technology
Daniel
Headrick
Slide4New imperialism
European imperialism of the 19th century differed in its extent and legacy from previous forms of imperialismCalled _____________________In 1800, Europeans controlled or occupied ________of the land surface of the world_____ by 1878_____ by 1914
new imperialism
35%
67%
84%
Slide5New imperialism
The British Empire alone experienced substantial increases in influence in the 19th centuryIn 1800: British empire________million square miles and Population: ______________During the 19th CenturyThe amount of land increased _____________the population jumped by _____________
1.5
20 million
7x
2,000 %
Slide6Legacy of New Imperialism
The
legacy of new imperialism is hard to
quantify
European
religious and political ideas marginally remain in Asia and Africa
These
ideas are modern equivalents
of
Hadrian’s Wall
the Mosque of Cordoba
Slide7The Triumph of Europe
The real triumph of European civilization has been ___________________ not ________________Europeans have prevailed in plastics, electricity, printing presses, radio, vaccines, aircraft, napalm, and shipsVery few people currently live without industrial productsThe Western conquest of the world with industrial technology remains unchallenged
t
echnology ideology
Slide8The European technological triumph began in the 19th centuryEuropeans wove their technology into their expanding European empiresConnections between technology and history must be studied from both a technological and a historical viewpointThe history of technology remains a popular form of literatureBookstores often offer a wide variety of books detailing histories of cars, planes, guns, and furnitureMost of these books are ________________historiescompilations of facts and pictures but are separated from their historical context
hardware
The
Triumph
of Europe
Slide9HISTORY & TECHNOLOGY
The social history of technology aims at comprehending the ________,___________, and _____________of technologySocial historians take a piece of technology and examine it in this viewe.g.,“How did firearms change warfare during the late Middle Ages?”Reversing these questions also yields insight into the historical processExamining how technological forces shaped the development of a particular historical phenomenon is an important skillHistorians have failed to answer the question of how technological forces shaped the development of new imperialism
c
auses, development, consequences
Slide10Article Focus: The Period of Imperial Expansion
Stages:
European
imperialism in
Asia and
Africa
at
different times and in different
ways
KEY TECH -
Europeans penetrated
and explored new
regions:
Steamers
quinine
KEY TECH -
The
conquest of indigenous peoples and the imposition of European rule
followed
Rapid-firing rifles
machine guns
KEY TECH –
estab
.
of a communications and
transportation network
The
Suez Canal,
colonial
railroads,
steamship
lines, and
submarine telegraph cables
Each
of these steps involved hundreds of products and
processes
Headrick
focuses
on
innovations
which either
made
imperialism
possible or
cost-effective
Slide11DANIEL R. HEADRICK
Headrick Doesn’t destroy other interpretationsprovokes fresh thinkingTechnology = added to the list of factors that historians have explored regarding European imperialismImperialism sought to create ___________________ and ________________________coloniesMost territories achieved these aims prior to decolonizationThe resulting economic networks and technologies that entered into the development of colonial societies must be left alone for now
e
conomically profitable
politically submissive
Slide12According to Headrick…
____________parts of the world experienced ____________effects from technological change during the 19th centuryIndia and Africa were much more affected than Persia or China; the KEY =The proximityThe attention Headrick gives to different world regions is representative of the attention that Europeans gave those same regions in the 19th century
DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT
Slide13The European Penetration of Africa:EARLY EXPLORATION
_________________ - coast of Africa in the 1430sremained the dark continent for 350 + yearsThe interior of Africa often blank on mapsEuropeans chose to explore and conquer the Americas, Oceania, and AsiaLittle motivation to penetrate Africa prior to the 19th centurySlave traders sought no disruptions to their profitable operationsMerchants had little evidence of the profitability of penetrating AfricaThe penetration of Africa resulted from missionary and abolitionist movements against the slave trade
Portugal
Slide14European Penetration of Africa
Europeans lacked the ___________ to penetrate AfricaEntering Africa had to be done in dugout canoes or on footA series of _______________ covers most of AfricaRivers flow through a series of __________________from the highlands to the seaMangrove swamps and ___________________line African coastsAnimal trypanosomiasis nagana ….kill off pack animals in African tropical regionsEuropeans, however, had explored the Americas with primitive transportation meansDiseaseThe effect of European steamships did not have an impact on Africa until decades after their arrivalH.G. Wells could have been writing about it in ______________aliens invade Earth in futuristic vehicles142 As the aliens are about to conquer Earth, an invisible _______________forces them to flee
means
plateaus
waterfalls
sandbars
War of the Worlds
microbe
Slide15Portuguese Expeditions
Portuguese captain _________sent an expedition up the ____________RiverCasualties reached such high levels within a few days that Cão cancelled the expeditionFrancisco _________ led a voyage up the ____________ valley in ________The objective was to establish contact with the kingdom of _______________________________________ claimed the cattle and horses miles upriverThe men contracted _________________African or part-African agents carried on Portuguese communications with the Zambezi valley until _____
CONGO
Zambezi
Monomotapa
Trypanosomiasis
malaria
1835
1569
Diego Cão
Baretto
Slide16Early European Expeditions
_____ out of 152 Europeans died during William _____ exploration of __________ BayThis journey lasted from _______ to ________Mungo _____ _______ expedition of the upper _______River led to the death of all Europeans involvedCaptain James ________ led a party up the ________ River from ______ to __________ of the 54 Europeans on the voyage died
132
Delagoa
1777 1779
1805
Niger
Congo
1816 1817
19
Bolt’s
Park’s
Tuckey
Slide17Disease did not restrain European attempts to explore Africa
Each
generation: new
explorers willing to risk death in order to explore
the unknown
regions
19th century: New
reasons to explore
Africa
A
resurgence of Christian mission work,
the
abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, and
scientific research funded by the wealthy provided ample motivation to enter Africa
Slide18Macgregor Laird
played a key role in opening _________to Britainson of shipbuilder ___________Laird whoseearly _____s: firm began building iron steamboatsMacgregor was 23Macgregor did not want to remain the junior partner in a struggling businessA restless spirit of exploration stirred himscientific curiosity, missionary fervor, and commercial hope
Nigeria
1830
William
Slide19Slide20EXPLORING the NIGER RIVER
In
_____: Laird’s explores the Niger River_________________had reached the upper reaches of the river in the first decade of the 19th centuryPark reached the __________ RapidsBrothers Richard and John ___________ traveled downriver in a canoe in 1830 first ventured north from Lagosproved that the Niger River and____River were the same riverThe Niger River flows into the ________________through a mangrove swampLaird realized that a steamer carrying a cargo of trade up the Niger River could open up a large section of Africa to British influence
1832
Mungo Park
Bussa
Lander
Does that make them “Waters?”
Oil
Bight of Benin
Slide21Laird realized steamer’s potentialNiger River trade could open up a large section of Africa to British influence
‘‘[This journey will please] those who look upon the opening of
Central Africa
to the enterprise and capital of British merchants as likely to create new and extensive __________ markets for our manufactured goods, and fresh sources whence to draw our supplies; and those who, viewing mankind as one great _________, consider it their duty to raise their fellow creatures from their present DE________, DE_________________, and DE______________ state, nearer to Him in whose image they were created.
markets
family
graded
nationalized
moralized
…and
dats
DE
truff
!
Slide22T
he African Inland Commercial Company
founded by __________________and __________ merchants The treasury refused to grant the company a __________ and a charter, but these setbacks did not slow down the company___________Lander was hired to lead the expedition
established “for the commercial development of the recent discoveries of the brothers __________ on the River Niger”
Lander
Liverpool
subsidy
Richard
Macgregor Laird
Slide23The African Inland Commercial Co.’s THREE SHIPS:
The brig _____________- storeshipSteamshipsQuorra Alburkah
COLUMBINE
Slide24Quorra
–
the larger steamship of the journey________ and __________ built the ship out of ____________measured _______by _______ feetdrew _______ feet on the river and _____ feet at sea__________-horsepower engineneeded a _____-man crewcarried a _____-pound swivel gun, an ___-pound carronade, and 8 ____-pound carriage guns, as well as plenty of handguns
Seddon Langley
wood
112 16
5 1/2 7
40
26
24
18
4
Slide25The Alburkah
M. Laird built the smaller steamship AlburkahThe boat measured ___by ___feetdrew _____feet ____ inchesmade of iron except for the deckPowered by a _____-horsepower _________ and ___________ enginecrew of _______menFirepower aplenty!In addition to handguns, a _____-pounder and Six ____-pounder swivel guns
70 13
4 9
15
Fawcett Preston
14
9
1
Slide26The
expedition reached the Niger delta without incidentleft the ____________ in the Bight of ________, continuing upriver in the two steamersLaird hoped to found a trading post at the convergence of the Niger and _________ Riverssought to buy _________ at low prices
Columbine
Benue
palm oil
Benin
Slide27Slide28EVALUATION of LAIRD’s EXPEDITION
steamers succeeded in navigating the Niger RiverLaird earned his reputation as an explorer and innovatorThe expedition as a whole failed to accomplish its ___________ and _____________objectivesOnly______out of the 48 Europeans survived the African diseasesLaird returned in a weakened state to England in ______He never fully recovered his health
9
Jan. 1834
CULTURAL COMMERCIAL
Slide292.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
1. List two momentous events of the nineteenth century according to
Headrick
.
-industrialization
-colonization of Asia and Africa
Slide302.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
2. List two ways in which the “new” imperialism of the nineteenth century was different according to
Headrick
.
-its extent
-its legacy
Slide312.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
3. According to
Headrick
, the goal of imperialism was to create colonies that were
-politically submissive
-economically profitable
Slide322.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
4.
Headrick
writes that the three stages of imperialism were
-penetration and exploration by first European travelers
-conquest of indigenous peoples
-forging of communication and transportation networks
Slide332.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
5. Key technologies in phase one were
-steamers
-prophylactic use of quinine
Slide342.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
6. The key technologies in phase two were
-rapid-firing rifles
-machine guns
Slide352.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
7. The key technologies in phase three were
Steamship lines
Suez canal
submarine telegraph cables
colonial railroads
Slide362.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57)
8. Macgregor was motivated by
-missionary fervor
-scientific curiosity
-commercial hope
Slide372.19 MATCHING (pp. 56-57)
a. Diogo Caob. Francisco Barretoc. William Boltsd. Mungo Parke. Capt. JamesTuckeyf. William Lairdg. Macgregor Laird
_____ 1. Scottish shipbuilder_____ 2. founder of the African Inland Commercial Company who led an expedition up the Niger River without incident until most of them died of disease_____ 3. explorer who led an expedition up the Zambezi River where many of his men succumbed to malaria in 1569_____ 4. Portuguese captain whose men died in great numbers exploring the Congo River in 1485_____ 5. 1777-1779 expedition leader at Delagoa Bay where 132 out of 152 Europeans died_____ 6. leader of 1816-1817 exploring party up the Congo River in which 19 out of 54 Europeans died_____ 7. leader of a 1805 venture into the upper Niger River which resulted in the death of all Europeans present
F
G
B
A
C
E
D
Slide382.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57)
You’re cordially invited to join us on a monumental journey led by _______________________. On our passage, the ship _______________________ will be used as a storeship and two ______________________ will also accompany us up the __________________ .
Richard Lander
Columbine
steamers
Niger River
Slide392.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57)
The larger of the two steamers, the ___________________, is made of wood and was constructed by ____________ and ___________. She measures 112 x 16 feet and is powered by a ____________ - horsepower engine. Altogether _________ men will sail on the Quorra, which will be armed with a 24-pound swivel gun, eight 4-pound carriage guns, and an 18-pound carronade, a small cannon.
Quorra
Seddon
Lander
40
26
Slide402.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57)
The smaller of the two ships built by _______________________, son of the great shipbuilder _______________________, is called the _______________________. She is 70 x 13 feet and carries a crew of ______the Quorra, which is made of ______________, the Alburkah is made almost entirely from ______________, except for the deck. She has a 15-horsepower Fawcett and Preston engine and carries a 9-pounder and six 1-pounder ____________ guns.
Macgregor Laird
William Laird
Alburkah
14
wood
steel
swivel
Slide412.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57)
The previous travels of Richard and John Landers prove that a steamer like ours sailing up river with a cargo of trade will open up an immense part of Africa to the commerce and influence of Great Britain. Join us on our great adventure!
Slide42A substantial number of Europeans traded along the coasts of Africa prior to the mid
19th centuryThe British government stationed a fleet along the West African coast after __________This attempt to end the slave trade searched slaving ships suspected of carrying human cargoThe British placed small ___________throughout the coast to enforce the abolitionist goalChristian missions popped up along the African coasts
1807
a
rmy units
Slide43AFRICAN DISEASES & MORTALITY RATES
All of these Europeans fell ill from African diseasesStatistics regarding mortality rates of British _______________ in West Africa are more plentiful than the rates among _________________British troops were stationed in their posts as _________________ became important to Western societyMilitary criminals and offenders constituted the __________________________men traded their ____ sentences for military service in AfricaThis swap often constituted a death sentenceThe Royal African Corps covered ground from the __________ to the _____________
military personnel
slave traders
recordkeeping
Royal African Corps.
jail
Gambia
Gold Coast
Slide441840 MEDICAL ARTICLE on troops in Africa
The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine an _____ article concerning the health of these troops in Africa
1840
Slide45TROOPS in SIERRA LEONE
From 1819 to 1836, _____ of the 1,843 troops who served in Sierra Leone died_________of soldiers________worst year for British soldiers in Sierra Leone______ out of the 571 men_________died from diseaseThe size of the Sierra Leone force decreased by more than ______each year, despite the constant arrival of men
890
48.3 %
1825
447
78.3 %
100
Slide46THE GOLD COAST
The Gold Coast proved just as deadly as Sierra Leone_______ of Europeans who arrived between 18__ and 18__ died in Africa______ of the 224 men died in 1824______of white soldiers sent to West Africa diedAnother __________ became invalidsOnly _______of white soldiers returned “fit for future service”
2/3
23 27
221
77 %
21 %
2 %
Slide47CAUSES of MORTALITY - Misunderstood
The authors of the 1840 article did not understand the causes of the high mortality ratesThe writers did not blame ______________________for contracting diseases___________could not take the blameDry and windy stations produced as much death as stations next to marshesThe authors faulted _____ fever and __________ feverThe article also featured the death rates of white missionaries to Africa_____ such men ventured to West Africa between 1804 and 1835_______of these men died of disease, while 14 more returned in poor health
the men themselves
Climate
Yellow intermittent
89
54
Slide48West Indians vs. Europeans
West Indians only experienced a mortality rate ____ of the white mortality rateThis rate still was double the disease mortality rate of native AfricansAn epidemic from 18___ to 18___ in the Gambia killed ______ out of 399 whitesOnly ________in 40 to 50 West Indians perishedYellow fever likely caused this epidemicMany West Indians had developed a resistance to this disease endemic to the West IndiesBy _____, the British government stopped sending white troops to West AfricaOnly a half dozen white ___________ arrived in the region to lead West Indian troops
1/10
25 26
276
1
1830
sergeants
Slide49Philip Curtin: CHARTMAN!
Faster than a speeding CRAY!
More accurate than, well….Rush Limbaugh!
Sees dead people and loves counting them!
Slide50Philip Curtin : British personnel mortality rates
Slide51Curtin: additional statistics for different military groups
Slide52Malaria
Malaria was the chief killer of Europeans in AfricaOTHER MAJOR KILLERS:dysentery, yellow fever,typhoidMalaria has likely caused more deaths in human history than any other diseaseThe protozoan Plasmodium __________ causes TERTIAN malariaendemic throughout much of the worldleads to a general weakening of the bodyintermittent feversPlasmodium_______________causes a far deadlier type of malariaThis strain of malaria is endemic only to tropical _____________Savannas, swamplands, and rainforests all house the protozoanSurviving this type of malaria grants the body only _____________ resistanceAfricans often suffered repeated low-level bouts of malaria throughout their livesWithout this limited resistance, however, plasmodium falciparum is often fatal
vivax
falciparum
Africa
temporary
Slide53“BAD AIR”
19th-century European medical experts blamed malaria on putrid smells and humid airThis diagnosis stemmed from the ancient association of malaria and swampsIn ________, mal’aria means “bad air”The_________word paludisme means “swamp”
Italian
French
Slide54Laird’s Theory
strangest theory of all in 1837 to Thomas _____________ regarding Laird’s expedition of the Niger River
‘‘Captain Grant mentioned the possibility of getting firewood at _____________, nothing can be more injurious both to the Vessel and the Crew…to the Crew, as the
miasmatic exhalations
from it will infallibly produce fever and disease. I have had melancholy experienced of the effects of_________taken on board & used as Firewood for the Engines on the Coast of Africa.’’ ~ Macgregor Laird
PEACOCK
Fernando Po
wood
It’s real PO WOOD!
Slide55ALPHONSE LAVERAN
Slide56French scientist
Alphonse Laveran discovered Plasmodium in 1880This organism invades the bloodstream
Slide57VECTOR: Anopheles mosquito
In 18_____, the British _________, the Italian ____________and the Italian __________________discovered the Anopheles mosquito was the __________of malaria
97
Ronald Ross
Giovanni Batista
Amico
Bignami
VECTOR
Slide58Jesuit’s Bark: a remedy for malaria prior to
Plasmodium’s 1880 discovery
Technological advances often preceded _________explanations before the 20th centuryScience was “_________________” in the age before the 19th centuryNowadays, technology has become “______________”The ________introduced the bark of the cinchona tree as a cure for _____ malaria in the ___th centuryThe religious denomination spread news of the remedy throughout EuropeAn engraving from the 17th century reads, “______ offers a branch of cinchona to science”
scientific
theoretical technology
applied science
Jesuits
vivax
17
Peru
Slide59Peru, say what?
Yo
, science! Wanna’ branch? If you need to treat malaria, it’s a CINCHona!
#$%^&
JESUITS
made me do it!
Slide60CINCHONA’S DRAWBACKS
The tree only grows in the ______ Mountains in South AmericaLimited supplies reached EuropeOften deteriorated or adulterated_______________doubted the effectiveness of cinchona bark because of the Jesuit connectionsOliver Cromwell supposedly refused the “_____________” cure even when dying of malariaThe bark also had no effect on __________ fever or other widespread fevers at the time
None of that &%@%*
“POPISH” CURE for me!
Cromwell
Andes
Protestants
Britain’s PROTESTANT-in-CHIEF
Popish
Yellow
Slide61New “Killer” Treatments
Up through the 18th century, doctors prescribed cinchona bark for malariaBy the turn of the century, however, medical authorities used _________ and ___________Mercury helped with ______________calomel used for its ____________qualitiesDoctors also began using __________and ______These ineffective remedies killed many more patients than they savedThe high death rates of British military personnel in West Africa are partially caused by these deadly “treatments”
Mercury calomel
salivation
purgative
bleedings blisters
Slide621820: Pelletier and Caventou’s big breakthrough
French chemists __________________________and _______________________extracted the ________ quinine from cinchona bark in _________Commercial production of quinine began in_________By _______, the drug had reached manufacturing levels that allowed it to be used by the general public
alkaloid
1827
1830
Pierre Joseph Pelletier
Joseph
Bienaimé Caventou
1820
Slide63ALGERIA
Physicians in areas with malaria infestations began conducting quinine experiments in the late 1820sThese medical experts often published results of their investigationsThe first important experiments occurred in __________ following the ______ French invasion__________ and __________outbreaks plagued French troops in Algeria_____________remained the most common problem
Algeria
1830
Typhoid cholera
Malaria
Slide64Bône
experienced the highest Algerian incidence of disease
Swamps surrounded the cityMalaria outbreaks occurred every summerin 18____: __________of the 2,788 French soldiers in Bône were hospitalizedin 18____: _________ out of 5,500 troops were hospitalizedFor every 7 of these soldiers that were hospitalized, _______died
32
33
1,626
4,000
2
Mon DIEU, the mortality… 2 :7 !
Good
doc
Slide65Both malaria and its treatments contributed to patient deaths
_______________
heavily influenced French army physiciansheaded \medical school of ___________________According to Broussais, treat fever with…bleedings, leeches, purgatives,a starvation dietQuinine should only be administered after the _____ or ____ ___attackThe drug was too expensive for military useOne ounce cost ________francs
Starve the fever and purge the patient! NO quinine until the 7th or 8th attack! Mon dieu! It’s way TOO expensive!
Dr. J Broussais
Val-de-Grâce
7th 8th
25
Bad
Doc!
Slide662 French army docs just say, “NO!”
Jean-André
Antonini
François Clement Maillot
chose not to follow the accepted medical practices at the time
Slide67ANTONINI
Antonini noticed that quinine appeared to help _________________ feversThis realization allowed Antonini to differentiate between malaria and ___________feverThe physician lessened the __________ of his patients and gave them more __________
intermittent
typhoid
bleedings
food
Slide68MAILLOT
______ went further than _________The physician arrived in ______in 1834 during the height of the____________ epidemicAt the first sign of malaria, Maillot prescribed ___to ____ grams of quinine immediately_______________ believed that quinine should be given 4 to 8 days after the first signs of malariaMaillot put his patients on a nutritious dietOnly________in 20 of Maillot’s patients died in 1834Recall the figure was _______ in 7 for 1833
Bône
malaria
24 40
1
2
Antonini
MAILLOT
Broussais
Slide69Recognition for Maillot
In 18___ Maillot described his treatment methods for malaria to the _________________________in ParisIn 18___, he published his findings in the work ________________________________________The French military ___________accept Maillot’s methods for yearsIn 18___, Maillot received the recognition he deservedFrance revered Maillot as a ________of French scienceThe ____________________________stated,
Académie de Médecine
35
36
did NOT
81
hero
Scientific Congress of Algiers
“It is thanks to Maillot that Algeria has become a French land; it is he who closed and sealed forever this ________________________”
Tomb for Christians
Traité
des
fièvres
ou
irritations
cérébro-spinales
intermittentes
Slide70QUININE
Quinine use became more widespread in _________________as well
Purgings and bleedings gradually fell into disuseBy the 1840s, Gold Coast Europeans kept jars of quinine _______ around their houseThe first sign of chills or fever resulted in ingesting this medicineQuinine use after infection only combated ___________malariaTo prevent Plasmodium_____________, quinine needed to saturate the human bloodstream _________infection occurredQuinine was taken as a ________________ during one’s stay in areas known to be infested with falciparum
West Africa
vivax
falciparum
BEFORE
prophylactic
pills
Slide71Two events led to discovery of quinine as a prophylactic
EVENT #1: In _________the ship ___________was stationed off the coast of Sierra Leone_______ crew members took cinchona bark regularly, while _____officer refrained from doing soOnly ___________died of malaria
1839
The North Star
20
1
the officer
Slide72EVENT #2:
In 18______, the British government sponsored the largest ever Niger expeditionCaptain H.D. _________ led ________Europeans up the Niger River aboard the 457-ton Albert, the 457-ton Wilberforce, and the 249-ton SoudanEvery known precaution was taken to protect these men from diseaseOnly young and athletic men of “good breeding” had been selectedThe ships had fans to dispel bad airThe expedition barreled at top speed up the malaria-infested Niger delta to reach the dry upper river as soon as possibleMalaria still appeared on board the ships within three weeksThe Wilberforce and the Soudan returned to the Atlantic Ocean as floating hospitalsWithin two months, ________ Europeans had diedAnother _____ perished before the expedition ended
41
Trotter
159
48
7
Slide73Dr. T.R.H.Thomson
Dr. T.R.H. Thomson used the opportunity as the physician on board one of Trotter’s ships to experiment with different drugs
Some crew members received cinchona bark with wine while others got quinine
Thomson gave quinine to himself and stayed healthy
The physician published his findings in the article
On the Value of Quinine in African Remittent Fever
The work appeared on
February 28, 1846
in the British medical journal
The Lancet
Slide74Dr. Alexander Bryson’s Report
Dr. __________________in 18________published Report on the ___________ and ________________of the African Stationadvocated the use of quinine as a _________________ to Europeans in AfricaBy 18____, the director-general of the Medical Department of the ______________sent a notice to all West African British __________ recommending quinine prophylaxis
47
Climate
Principal Diseases
prophylactic
48
BRITISH ARMY
governors
Alexander Bryson
Slide75Quinine prophylaxis still did not receive immediate adoption by the medical community
_____________________proposed another African expedition in 18_____Laird had the ship __________specifically built under his contract with the AdmiraltyThis ________ propeller-steamer weighed ______ tonsThe ship rigged as a schoonerShe had the capacity to pull 2 or 3 barges up the NigerA ____-pounder pivot gun, 3 smaller swivel cannons, rifles, and muskets defended the Pleiad_____Europeans and ___Africans formed the ship’s crew
Macgregor Laird
54
Pleiad
IRON
220
12
12
54
Slide76BRYSON & BAIKIE
Dr. Alexander ___________ gave a set of instructions to protect the crew’s healthThese directions delineated clothing, diet, activities, and moral influencesBryson recommended the crew take ____ to ____ grams of quinine per day during the VoyageThe time period of this quinine use spanned from the time the ship crossed the sandbar to 14 days after venturing back into the Atlantic OceanDr. William _________ made sure the crew followed these instructionsBaikie served as ______________ of the PleiadAfter 112 days on the ________&_________Rivers, all European crew members returned aliveThomas _________________ gave Dr. Bryson the credit he deserved for this technological miracle
BRYSON
6 8
BAIKIE
captain
Niger Benue
Hutchinson
Slide77______________________: Pleiad’sSenior Surgeon
‘‘Since my first visit to Africa in 1850, I have felt firmly convinced----and that conviction urges me to impress my faith on all who read this work----that the
climate would not be so fatal as it has hitherto proved to Europeans, if a different mode of daily living, a proper method of________________________ hygiene, and another line of therapeutic practice in the treatment of fevers, were adopted. Before, and beyond all others, is the ____________ influence of quinine as it was used in the ‘‘______________,’’ in the mode here described…’’ ~ Thomas Hutchinson
prophylactic
preventative
PLEIAD
THOMAS HUTCHINSON
Slide78_______________’s Mortality Stats
Death rates from malaria plummeted as quinine as a prophylactic spreadBleedings and purgings fell out of favor as accepted medical practices
PHILIP CURTIN
Slide79Philip Curtin
Only _____ of the 2,500 European soldiers involved in a two-month military expedition against ________ died_____________mortality rates for Europeans in West Africa also rapidly dropped offThe rate fells from ________-per 1,000 to __________ per 1,000This lower rate still represents ____________times the death rate of European people in the same age bracket back in Europe
‘‘The improvement over the recent past was understood well enough in official and missionary circles to
reduce sharply the most serious impediment to any African activity.’’
50
Kumasi
First-year
250-750
50-100
5 to 10
Slide80European exploration of Africa continues
European exploration of Africa increased in the mid 19th century with the advent of successful malaria preventionExpeditions remained dangerous but no longer had ______________levels of dangerCountless Europeans volunteered to search for glory and wealth in AfricaThe most celebrated of these celebrities was _________________________
DAVID LIVINGSTONE
suicidal
Slide81LIVINGSTONE
Livingstone first heard of quinine prophylaxis in ________________________in ________He took quinine daily while marching across southern Africa from 18____to 18____By 1857, Livingstone became convinced that quinine prevented malariaWhen preparing for an expedition of the __________ River in 18____, Livingstone made his crew take two grams of quinine a day in their sherryMany of the crew suffered from malaria on the tripOnly _______of the 25 diedLivingstone developed a remedy for malaria from rhubarb, quinine, calomel, and resin of julepThe explorer modestly called this concoction ___________________ pills (“LIVINGSTONE ROUSERS”)Livingstone came to doubt quinine’s efficacy, as it only lessened the impact of malaria
Bechuanaland
1843
50
56
Zambezi
58
3
Livingstone
Slide82Growing demand for quinine
Europeans followed the footsteps of intrepid explorers into AfricaPlanters, engineers, traders, missionaries, administrators, tourists, and soldiers, as well as their wives and children, ventured into AfricaAll of these groups needed daily quinine to treat malariaEuropeans in ________ and other tropical areas also demanded quinine
India
Slide83Growing demand for quinine
Until the 1850s, these areas served as the only sources for the world’s cinchona bark supplyBrazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peruin 1881Bark exports rose from ____million pounds in 1860 to ____ millionIn 1881, Indian and ____________________ cinchona bark took bark from the Andes off the marketThe _____________and _______________caused this market shift to occurIdeas about growing cinchona trees in Asia circulated for a long timeWhile demand for cinchona bark was small, the plans never came to fruition
2
20
Indonesian
DUTCH BRITISH
Slide84Slide85CINCHONA in ASIA
In the early 18____s, Dutch botanists in ______ advocated for the government of the Netherlands East Indies to import cinchona seedlingsFrom 18___to 18___, Justus Charles ____________ traveled to the Andes under an assumed nameThis superintendent of the _____________________Botanical Gardens secretly collected seedsMost of these seeds died on Hasskarl’s journey backFrom 18___to 18___, Clements ___________ and _______ traveled to Bolivia and _______Markham worked as a clerk at the __________ OfficeWeir found employment as a gardener at the British Royal Botanic Gardens at ____________Markham and Weir sought to collect seeds of the Cinchona ____________________tree
50
JAVA
53 54
HASSKARL
Buitenzorg
58 60
Markham Weir
Peru
India
KEW
calisaya
Slide86CINCHONA
at OOTACAMUND in INDIA’s ___________ Hills
English botanist Richard ________ and Kew gardener Robert _______ traveled to ______ at the same time as Markham and Weir’s missionSpruce and Cross collected 100,000 Cinchona ____________ seeds and 637 plants______ seedlings reached IndiaThese plants formed the center of cinchona plantations at _______________________in the Nilgiri Hills near Madras
Nilgiri
Spruce
Cross
Ecuador
succirubra
463
Ootacamund
Slide87A period of experimentation followed these secret expeditions
Horticulturists and other scientists exchanged seeds and information at botanical gardens in Java, Madras, Ceylon, and BengalThese gardens provided cheap seedlings and advice to plantersAfter 1874, Cinchona calisaya __________________ formed the basis of Javanese cinchona plantationsThis hybrid species grafted onto the stem of the C. ________________ tree__________and____________also increased the quinine yieldMossing - cutting strips of bark and placing moss around the treesCoppicing -deals with cutting trees to the ground after 6 or 7 yearsPeruvian cinchona bark had a ________sulphate of quinine contentBreeding in Java raised this figure to ________ by 1900Scientists later improved this number to _______ or ________
Ledgeriana
succirubra
Mossing coppicing
2%
6%
8% 9%
Slide88The British and Dutch reached a compromise after the collapse of the Andean bark industry
___________ plantations produced a cheaper but less potent barkFrom which chemists extracted ____________________Totaquine : a mixture of antimalarial ________________Almost all of India’s production of cinchona bark went to British ___________&_________________personnel stationed in the tropicsThe excess was sold in the Indian market_____________horticulturists produced the more expensive and potent pure quinineThis version of quinine captured over ________% of the world quinine market by the early 20th centuryScientific cultivation methods and a marketing ___________caused this monopolyThe Kina Bureau of Amsterdam coordinated the purchase of bark as well as the price and quantity of quinine sold_____________control of the quinine market only ended after the Japanese conquest of Indonesia in World War IIThe development of _____________________malaria suppressants also contributed to the decline of this monopoly
totaquine
alkaloids
Military administrative
Javanese
90
cartel
Dutch
synthetic
Indian
Slide89Scientific cinchona production – A high point of imperial technology
European could not have colonized Africa without itColonization in other areas would have been much more ______________This new advancement, however, was as much a _____________ of new imperialism as it was a consequenceSeveral botanical gardens shared their scientific expertise___________& ___________colonial government encouraged the development of scientific cinchona production___________&___________________land and labor contributed to the technology
costly
cause
British Dutch
Indian Indonesian
Slide902.21 CHARTING (pp. 57-61)
Liverpool
Niger River
West African coast
Gambia
Africa
Slide912.21 CHARTING (pp. 57-61)
Algeria
Forests of Peru, Bolivia,
Ecuador, Columbia in theAndes Mts.
Sierra Leone
Niger & Benue Rivers
Bechuanaland
Slide922.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
West Indian soldiers on the West African coast had a better resistance to disease than the white soldiers they served with
True
Slide932.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
2. The British government never recognized the significance of soldier death rates in West Africa due to disease.
False—They finally recognized the significance in 1830 and began sending mostly West Indian soldiers there because of their greater resistance to disease.
Slide942.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
3. The principal killer of Europeans in Africa was yellow fever.
False—The principal killer was malaria.
Slide952.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
4. Macgregor Laird believed that malaria was caused by firewood from a certain location.
TRUE
Slide962.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
5. Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria was transferred via mosquito bites.
False—He discovered that malaria was caused when Plasmodium invades the bloodstream but didn’t know that
mosquitos
were the vector.
Slide972.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
6. A remedy for malaria was discovered long before the 19th century through trial and error.
TRUE
Slide982.22 TRUE OR FALSE (pp. 58-59)
7. The bark of cinchona trees was an effective and easily disseminated cure prior to the 19th century.
False—It was effective but it only grew in the Andes Mountains so the supply in Europe was limited and often deteriorated by the time it reached the European continent.
Slide992.23 COMPARISON (pp. 58-60)
This or that? For each item below, determine whether it describes the Plasmodium Vivax strain (PV) or the Plasmodium Falciparum (PF) strain of malaria.1. Endemic only in tropical Africa2. Endemic throughout much of the world3. The less deadly of the two strains4. Causes a general weakening of the body and produces intermittent fevers
PV
PF
PV
PV
Slide1002.23 COMPARISON (pp. 58-60)
5. Generally can be treated with quinine pills at the first sign of chills or fever6. The body’s resistance to this strain is only temporary7. The bloodstream must be saturated with quinine before the onset of first infection in order to cure this strain8. The deadlier of the two strain9. Jesuits introduced the bark of the cinchona tree as a cure to this strain
PV
PF
PF
PF
PV
Slide1012.24 CHARTING (pp. 58-60)
Scientist
France
Physician
France
Physician
France
Extracted alkaloid of quinine
From cinchona bark; workedWith Caventou
Rebelled against common practiceOf giving only a little quinine late in treatment; noted that intermittentFevers responded to quinine, which Helped him distinguish malaria from Typhoid fever
Rebelled against common practice
Of giving only a little quinine late
in treatment; gave it at first sign of
Illness; idolized as French hero of
Science late in life
Slide1022.24 CHARTING (pp. 58-60)
Physician
Britain
Scientist
Scientist
Experimented with various
Drugs while aboard an 1841Niger River expedition; wrote“On the Value of QuinineIn African Remittent Fever”
France
Italian
Succeeded in extractingThe alkaloid of quinine fromCinchona bark; workedWith Pelletier
Identified the
Anopheles
mosquito as the vector
of malaria in 1897
(along with
Ross and
Bignami
Slide1032.24 CHARTING (pp. 58-60)
Identified the
Anopheles mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1897 (along withRoss and Grassi
Identified the Anopheles mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1897 (along withGrassi and Bignami
Scientist
Scientist
Italy
Britain
Slide104Steamers: Comparison to quinine
Steamers helped Europeans overcome the stumbling block of poor transportationSimilarly, quinine cleared the obstacle of malaria for EuropeansQuinine and steamers worked hand in hand to open much of Africa to colonialismThe scramble for Africa is often explained as a complex interplay of political factorsThe French political psychology following the __________________ War ostensibly allowed new imperialism to take place________________ also held lofty ambitions for an expanding empireHistorians also attribute the scramble for Africa to be a byproduct of the _____________________Headrick feels that technology such as these equally contributed to the scramble for Africasteamers, quinine prophylaxis, and the quickfiring rifleQuinine prophylaxis protected European crews aboard steamers heading into Africa
Franco-Prussian
King Leopold II
Suez Canal
Slide105Macgregor Laird’s Back: Economic Motives
The Niger trade proved both lucrative and necessary for BritainAfter the fall of the slave trade, _____________served as southern Nigeria’s chief exportEuropeans used palm oil to make soap and lubricate industrial machineryNiger delta middlemen kept the price of palm oil unreasonably highThese merchants brought palm oil to the coast to trade with EuropeansSmall European traders who shipped palm oil to Europe also raised the price of palm oil
PALM OIL
Slide106Laird believed that the ____________would break these _____________ grips on the __________export businessLaird wrote to ____________in 1851 that
_________________
“will convert a most uncertain and precarious trade into a regular and steady one, diminish the risk of life, and free a large portion of the capital at present engaged in it…”
steam engine
Earl Grey
STEAM
palm oil
MONOPOLISTIC
Slide107The double application of steam
Europeans required the double application of steam One application was a regular steamboat service along ____________________________This service bypassed the Nigerian middlemen in the palm oil industryThe other was the development of a steamship line between _________and______________
the Niger River
Britain West Africa
Slide108Macgregor Laird
Laird’s first appeals were rejectedThe 1854 expedition of the Pleiad gave credence to Laird’s ideasThe _____________________________convinced the British government to support Laird’s projects in ____In 1857, the Foreign Office sent Dr. _______ to open relations with the Caliphate of ________on the middle NigerThe Admiralty signed a contract with LairdThree steamers would be sent up the Niger River annually for the next _______years
Royal Geographical Society
1857
Baikie
Sokoto
5
Slide109Niger River Steamers
John Laird’s Birkenhead shipyard built the Dayspring, Rainbow, and Sunbeam for this service ….DRS of British commerce!These three ships’ journeys angered the Nigerian middlemen whom they were bypassingTraders attacked the _____________ in 18____, killing _______ crew membersLaird subsequently asked the British government to have a _______________accompany the steamers
Rainbow
59
two
warship
Slide110WARSHIPS and GUNBOATS
In 18___, the H.M.S. _________entered the Niger RiverThis warship destroyed the villages that had been responsible for the Rainbow attackBy the 1870s, several British companies traded with armed steamers on the NigerA military expedition annually destroyed towns that resisted the British invasionBy the 1880s, the ________________________kept a fleet of light gunboats on the Niger River throughout the yearSir George _________ headed this company that united all trading interests in the regionIn 1885, the British government declared the Niger delta a ___________________Sporadic resistance occurred in the regionNo African river town could effectively fight against British gunboats
Espoir
61
United African Company
Goldie
protectorate
Slide111Beyond the Niger
The
Niger River
became the earliest and most active background for the use of steamers by Europeans
This river was the easiest African tropical river to navigate
Other African Rivers:
The Congo,
Zambezi, and
upper Nile
as well as their tributaries all contained waterfalls that blocked steamers’ progress
Boats needed to be disassembled, portaged, and then reassembled to bypass the cataracts
These portages required large-scale financing, labor, organization, and technology that Niger explorers never acquired
Slide112Livingstone’s Steamers
In
1858, David Livingstone used the ______________to explore the Zambezi River up to the ________________ RapidsLivingstone utilized 2 others: the Pioneer in 1861 and the Lady Nyassa The MA ROBERTS
MA ROBERTS
Kebrabasa
Slide113The
LADY NYASSA
The Lady Nyassa had to be carried in pieces around the waterfalls leading to _________________
LAKE NYASSA
Slide114Various Explorers Used Small Steamers
____________________ explored the upper Nile with the steamer Khedive __________________had the nine-ton steamer En Avant carried in pieces from the Atlantic Ocean to Stanley Pool_____________________soon appeared on the Congo River with his Ballay
Samuel White Baker
Henry Stanley
Savorgnan
de Brazza
Samuel White Baker
Slide115Savorgnan
de Brazza
on the _______ River with his __________
Ballay
Congo
Slide116The number of European steamers on African rivers soon drastically increased
MOTIVATION:
Missionary work,
trade,
exploration, and
conquest
Slide117Small Belgian Trading Steamer
Slide118French lieutenant ___________ conquered
Lake __________ and the area of the _________and ________Rivers from 18__ to 18__Gentil used the first aluminum steamer _______ in these expeditions
GENTIL
Chad
Ubangi Shari
95 97
Lion Blot
Slide119Commandant Marchand
Marchand embarked on a cross-Africa adventure in 18______Two steamers and three rowboats portaged from the Ubangi to the _____ for this expeditionAfter reaching the Nile, Marchand rode his steamboats up to his confrontation with ___________at________
98
Nile
Kitchener
Fashoda
Slide120Without Steamers, Europeans Couldn’t Have Penetrated Africa
The lack of ____________ and Africa’s harsh ______________would have slowed down expeditions that traveled on footAfrican regions that lacked good water transportation were some of the last global regions to be colonizedThese areas included Ethiopia, the Kalahari, Central Sudan, and the SaharaThe ease of water transport and difficulty of land transport defined European interactions with Africa during the 19th century
pack animals
topography
Slide1212.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
HasskarlMarkhamWeirSpruceCross
Attempted to get cinchona seeds to plant
Slide1222.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
Quinine, Calomel, Rhubarb, Resin of Julep
Ingredients in “Livingstone Pills”
Slide1232.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
PeruEcuadorBoliviaColombia
The only sources of cinchona bark until the 1850s
Slide1242.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
MissionariesSoldiersTradersAdministratorsPlantersTourists
“Lesser protagonists” in imperialism who could finally travel inland once a preventive cure for malaria was discovered
Slide1252.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
BengalCeylonMadrasJava
Places were horticulturists and
quinologists
exchanged seeds and information
Slide1262.25 COMMONALITIES (pp. 61-63)
DayspringRainbowSunbeam
Ships built by Laird’s Birkenhead shipyard for service between Britain and West Africa
Slide1272.26 DEFINITIONS (pp. 60-63)
A technique used to increase the yield of alkaloids where one cuts strips of bark and wraps cinchona trees in moss
Coppicing
Quinine prophylaxis
David Livingstone
Slide1282.26 DEFINITIONS (pp. 60-63)
Captain of the
Pleiad and a doctor who made sure his crew took quinine during their travels up the Niger and Benue rivers
Palm Oil
A marketing cartel which coordinated the purchase of bark and the price and quantity of quinine sold until the early 20th century
Slide1292.26 DEFINITIONS (pp. 60-63)
Niger River
First steel steamship which Livingstone used to explore the Zambezi River in 1858
Slide1302.27 QUOTING (pp. 57-62)
Macgregor Laird
Written about Laird’s missionary fervor and desire to Christianize
and civilize Africans
Scientific Congress ofAlgiers
Dedication to Maillot who was finally honored at the end of his life
for his contributions to science because of his use of quinine to
cure malaria
Slide1312.27 QUOTING (pp. 57-62)
Macgregor Laird
Written in a letter to Thomas Peacock in 1837, Laird tried to
explain the origin of the malaria epidemic
Thomas Hutchinson
Written by a member of the crew of the
Pleiad
about the
suggestions for the prevention of malaria given to them by Dr.
Alexander Bryson
Slide1322.27 QUOTING (pp. 57-62)
Philip Curtain
Comments about the way in which
Africa was no longer the “white man’s grave” once an effective cure for malaria was found
Magregor Laird
Written in 1851 to Earl Grey, Laird believed that the steamship
was the key to successful commerce in the interior of Africa
Slide1332.28 ANALOGIES (pp. 57-62)
1. ____________________________: poor transportation :: quinine : malaria2. Alburkah : ____________________________:: Quorra : wood
RIVER STEAMERS
iron
Slide1342.28 ANALOGIES (pp. 57-62)
3. Mungo Park : Niger River :: Francisco Barneto : ____________________________4. Paludisme : French :: mal’aria : ____________________________
Zambezi Valley
Italian
Slide1352.28 ANALOGIES (pp. 57-62)
5. Weir : ____________________________:: Spruce : botanist6. Bark of cinchona tree : prevention of malaria :: ____________________________: lubrication of industrial machinery
gardener
Palm oil
Slide1362.28 ANALOGIES (pp. 57-62)
7. Macgregor Laird : Scotland :: King Leopold II : ____________________________8. Pelletier : chemist :: Cross : ____________________________
Belgium
gardener
Slide1372.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
In order to address the growing (DEMAND FOR, SUPPLY OF) quinine an attempt was made by the British and the (DUTCH, FRENCH) to grow (CINCHONA, POPLAR) trees in areas outside of the Andes Mountains
______
___
______
Slide1382.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
. In 1853-54 Justus Charles Hasskarl traveled to the (ANDES, HIMALAYAS) under an assumed name and (SECRETLY, ALLEGEDLY) collected seeds, most of which (DIED, SPROUTED).
___
___
___
Slide1392.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
Later in 1858-1860, Markham and Weir traveled, again secretly, to collect (SEEDS, YOUNG PLANTS) of the Cinchona Calisaya tree. At the same time, an (ENGLISH, AMERICAN) botanist Robert (SPRUCE, PINE) and a gardener Robert Cross collected specimens in (ECUADOR, PERU).
___
___
___
___
Slide1402.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
Of the 100,000 seedlings and 637 young plants only 463 seedlings reached (INDIA, ALGERIA) forming the nucleur of the cinchona plantations at Ootacamund in the Nilgiri Hills near (MADRAS, BENGAL).
___
___
Slide1412.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
After extensive experimentation and the eventual demise of the Andean bark industry, a compromise was worked out between the (BRITISH, FRENCH) and the (DUTCH, GERMANS). Plantations in (INDIA, CHINA) produced a cheaper, less (POTENT, CONTAMINATED) bark from which chemists extracted totaquine, a mixture of antimalarial alkaloids.
___
___
___
___
Slide1422.29 EITHER/OR (pp. 61-62)
Most of this product was reserved for (FRENCH, BRITISH) military and personnel stationed in the (TROPICS, COASTAL AREAS). The rest of the product was sold in (FRANCE, INDIA). The quinine made by the (DUTCH, FRENCH) was more potent, (PURE, CONTAMINATED), and (CHEAP, EXPENSIVE). It made up over (FIFTY, NINETY) percent of the world market in the early twentieth century.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Slide1432.30 ORDERING (pp. 59-63)
3174526
____Laird’s expedition on the
Pleiad
____ Two French chemists Pelletier and
Caventou
extracted the alkaloid of
quining
from the bark of cinchona trees
____ The
Espoir
destroyed the villages that had been responsible for the previous assault on the Rainbow
____
Foreign office agreed to send Dr.
Baikie
to open relations with the Caliphate of
Sokoto
on the Middle Niger
____ Livingstone used the
Ma Roberts to explore the Zambezi River up the
Kebrabasa
Rapids
____ David Livingstone first heard of quinine prophylaxis
____ Delta traders whose business was threatened attacked the
Rainbow
Slide144IN ORDER
(1820)
Two French chemists Pelletier and
Caventou
extracted the alkaloid of
quining
from the bark of cinchona trees
(1843)
David Livingstone first heard of quinine prophylaxis
(1854)
Laird’s expedition on the
Pleiad
(1857)
Foreign office agreed to send Dr.
Baikie
to open relations with the Caliphate of
Sokoto
on the Middle Niger
(1858)
Livingstone used the
Ma Roberts to explore the Zambezi River up the
Kebrabasa
Rapids
(1859)
Delta traders whose business was threatened attacked the
Rainbow
(1861)
The
Espoir
destroyed the villages that had been responsible for the previous assault on the Rainbow
Slide145STOP