The rise of African Nationalism The Rise of African Nationalism Started developing in early 1900s Formation of UnionLand Act Nationalism took on different forms All South Africans should be included equally ID: 815768
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Slide1
Nationalism in South Africa
The rise of African Nationalism
Slide2The Rise of African Nationalism
Started developing in early 1900’s (Formation of Union/Land Act)
Nationalism took on different forms:
All South Africans should be included equallyBlack South Africans should develop their own nationalism
Began with mainly educated elite but eventually spread to the masses
Emerged from the resistance movement to segregation and colonialism
Slide3The African People’s Organisation
1902: A group of coloured South African’s from the APO
Led by Dr Abdullah
Abdurahman for 35 yearsAPO protested segregation laws – brought many people togetherThe APO was concerned the right to vote would be removed for coloured peopleThey wanted the vote franchise to extend to the whole unionThey planned to achieve all of this through negotiation
Slide4The Formation of the Native Congress
After the SA War it was clear that white people would have political control
A Native Congress was formed in all four colonies
1906: The Transvaal Native Congress wrote to British Parliament but were ignored1909: Delegation of Native Congress members and APO members went to Britain to request interventionThey too were ignored
Slide5The Formation of the African National Congress
January 1912: Formation of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC)
This was later renamed to the African National Congress
Reverend John Dube elected as first presidentDr Pixley ka Isaka
Seme
and Sol
Plaatje
played major roles
The aims of ANC:
Unite Africans
Encourage united action to oppose discrimination
Win political rights for all
Slide6The ANC sent a delegation to London to protest the 1913 Land Act
This was unsuccessful
After WWI they sent another delegation to the Paris Peace Conference
This was unsuccessfulThe early ANC was a moderate organisationThey relied on peaceful petitions and appeals to authorityThe leaders of the ANC were highly educated menThe supporters of the ANC at this time were mainly the elite black peopleThe ANC did not focus on the needs of black workers or rural areas
The Formation of the African National Congress
Slide7The Industrial Commercial Workers Union
The ICU drew much support from the working class
Formed in 1919 by Cape Town dock workers
It organised many protests against the policies of the governmentIt had far more support than the ANC at this timeThe ANC was seen as representing the elite and was too cautiousIn the 1930’s the ANC worked with other organisations but had little success at this stageAfter this black political organisations demanded a stronger form of nationalism
Slide8The influence of the Second World War:
The ANC after 1940
Slide9Black South Africans in WW2
Roughly 125 000 black South Africans were involved in WW2
They were not allowed to carry arms and did not fight
The SA government feared training them to be soldiers would undermine white dominationApparent irony of fighting for freedom for the Allies yet they had none at home.They felt undervalued
Slide10The Atlantic Charter
1941 Roosevelt and Churchill create the Atlantic Charter
It promises support for self-determination
The ANC studied this in terms of Africa and South Africa1943 Xuma creates the document, African Claims in South AfricaIt stated:All adults should be allowed to voteThere should be a fair distribution of land
Africans should be allowed to own land in urban areas
There should be no discrimination in the workplace.
Slide11Allies claimed WW2 was being fought for freedom & democracy
Africans therefore hoped the end of the war would end discrimination and oppression
1940 – Dr Alfred
Xuma becomes president of ANCXuma wanted a united front with Coloured and Indian people1943 – Younger ANC members formed the Congress Youth League
Anton
Lembede
, Nelson Mandela, Walter
Sisulu
and Oliver Tambo
They wanted more active nationalism
Slide12Nationalism and the ANC after 1945
After WW2 a more determined form of Nationalism emerged
CYL members were elected to positions of leadership
Programme of Action and 1952 Defiance CampaignIn the 1940’s there was tension in the ANC - This was because of the different views that existed
Slide13Africanism
The belief that Africans should organise separately
Strongly supported by Anton
LembedeThey believed that:Africa is a black man’s countryAfricans are oneThey wanted national liberation and African Socialism
Slide14The Freedom Charter and
Charterism
The ANC supported a type of nationalism based on the Freedom Charter
It rejected race as a means of defining African nationalismIt wanted a DEMOCRATIC government regardless of raceNon-racialism therefore became a fundamental principle
This became known as
CHARTERISM
Slide15The Pan Africanist Congress
Not all ANC members accepted this non-racialism
Robert
Sobukwe broke away to form the PAC in 1959They were more in-line with the ideas of the CYL:Only Africans should lead the resistance movementThey did not want to work alongside non-African activists‘Government of Africans, by Africans, for Africans’This meant there should be NO power-sharing at all!
Slide16The Banning of the ANC and PAC
In 1960 the ANC and PAC were banned by the government
Leaders went into exile but still led the movement from there
Resistance continued in South Africa at the timeWhile the ANC was in exile the UDF fought for non-racialismSteve Biko and the Black Consciousness movement were more AfricanistA strong sense of African nationalism was encouraged from two different fronts:To think about:
Is it possible for African Nationalism to exist while working with other races?
Slide17Slide18Homework:
Ensure all pages in this unit have been summarised
Please complete Activity 2 on page 133