Apnea cessation of breathing Dyspnea Difficulty breathing Bradypnea abnormally decreased rate of breathing Hyperpnea Tachypnea abnormally increased rate of breathing ID: 913049
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Slide1
Respiratory
Slide2Eupnea
: normal, quiet breathing
Apnea: cessation of breathing
Dyspnea
: Difficulty breathing
Bradypnea
: abnormally decreased rate of breathing
Hyperpnea
/
Tachypnea
: abnormally increased rate of breathing
Cheyne
-Stokes: respirations gradually increase then cease entirely for a few seconds (often seen in dying patients)
Rales
: rattling, gurgling sounds heard with breathing (seen in Congestive Heart Failure)
Hyperventilation: depth and rate of breathing are increased
Hypoventilation: slow, shallow breathing
Slide3Diseases/Disorders of the Respiratory System
Dyspnea
Hyperventilation
Epistaxis
URI (upper respiratory infection)
Laryngectomy
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Epiglottitis
Pulmonary Embolism/infarction
Slide4Diseases/Disorders of the Respiratory System
Atelectasis
Pneumothorax
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Asthma
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
ARDS (Adult respiratory Distress Syndrome)
IRDS (infant Respiratory Distress
Syndrome) (SIDS)
Occupational Lung Disorders
Lung Cancer
Slide5Dyspnea
Causes: airway obstruction, hypoxia, pulmonary edema, lung diseases, heart conditions, allergic reactions,
pneumothorax
, poisoning (CO)
Slide6Respiratory Distress
Pt begins to increase rate and depth of respirations
Followed by SOB (
dyspnea
)
Hypoxia may follow because of decreased O2
Pt begins gasping for air, has blurred vision, is cyanotic
Increased blood CO2 stimulates medulla to increase respirations, but with time the medulla is depressed and breathing rate slows
If untreated, apnea occurs
If onset is slow,
Cheyne
-Stokes develops
Then respiratory arrest to unconsciousness
Pupils dilate and pt goes into cardiac arrest
Pt has suffocated = asphyxia
Slide7Hyperventilation: Breathing Too Rapidly and Too Deeply
S & S
a.
Carpopedal
spasms (tingling, cramping of upper extremities)
b. Chest pain, anxiety
c.
Perioral
numbness, but not cyanotic
CO2 level is too low so treat by having pt. breathe into a paper bag
If breathing is shallow, it’s not hyperventilation
Slide8Epistaxis: Nosebleed
Blood vessels close to surface, so bleeding looks profuse
Treatment: pinch nostrils, lean forward, ice to neck
Slide9URI: Upper Respiratory Infection, Usually Viral
Sinusitis
Laryngitis
Slide10Laryngectomy: Usually From Cancer of Larynx
Airway must be rerouted by stoma formed by tracheotomy (
tracheostomy
is permanent)
Must use electronic voice box
CPR - bag to stoma
Slide11Pneumonia: Lung Infection - Viral, Bacterial, Fungal
S & S: fever, cough, chills, headache,
myalgia
, rash,
dyspnea
Tx
:
antivirals
, antibiotics,
antifungals
Pleurisy
Inflammation of pleura surrounding lung
Fluid can be removed by
thoracentesis
( procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest)
Slide13Epiglottitis
Usually in small children
Signs: drooling, tripod position
3.
Tx
: transport ASAP, do NOT try to look in the mouth as this can cause the throat to close off completely and may cause breathing to stop altogether
Slide14Pulmonary Embolism/Infarction
A moving clot into the vessels of the lungs
Lung tissue gets deprived of O2
At risk: recent post-operatives, immobile pts, those on birth control pills, trauma, blood clots in the legs, heart valve replacement pts
Slide15Atelectasis
Imperfect Expansion = Collapsed Lung
Slide16Pneumothorax
Air in thoracic cavity, lungs collapse
Trauma - lungs punctured by ribs or other sharp object
Spontaneous - weakened area of lung ruptures and releases air into thoracic cavity; more common in young, thin males; also occurs after surgery; Ca
Tension - collapsed lung gets pushed against heart and great vessels and other lung -
TRUE EMERGENCY!
S & S:
dyspnea
, sharp pain prior to onset, weak rapid pulse, hypotension, uneven chest expansion (flail chest), neck vein distention, trachea will deviate to side opposite ruptured lung
TX: high O2, transport ASAP
Slide17Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection of lungs: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
S & S: cough,
hemoptysis
, low grade fever
Tx
: long term antibiotic therapy;
lobectomy
of affected lung
Slide18Asthma
Episodic spasms of muscles of bronchi cause constriction
Interferes with expiration of air
Mucus overproduces and is thick so air flow decreases on exhalation and air is trapped in lungs
Pt must exhale forcefully, producing the characteristic wheezing sound on expiration
S & S: no chest pain usually, pt is tense/anxious/frightened, wheezing on expiration, increased pulse rate 120+, normal rhythm, neck veins distended, cyanosis, coughing
Tx
: reassure
and
calm
pt, check medications inhalant, position upright, O2, transport
Prolonged attack = status
asthmaticus
-
Can be fatal!
Slide19Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiole lining inflamed
Excess mucus produced but cilia are scarred/paralyzed
Inhaled irritants
S & S: persistent cough, SOB, tightness in chest, dizziness, periodic cyanosis, “blue bloaters”
Slide20Emphysema
Chronic, alveoli lose elasticity and air is trapped in the alveoli, alveoli rupture then fuse into large irregular spaces
Excess mucus produced
Poor gas exchange
S & S:
dyspnea
on exertion, chronic cough, rapid pulse, irregular, B/P normal, wheezing, breathe with pursed lips, develop barrel-chest appearance due to trapped air, “pink puffers”
CO2 narcosis: medulla becomes insensitive to increased CO2 levels over time and only peripheral receptors respond
Slide21Bronchiectasis
Bronchi and bronchioles widen so blood is not O2 rich therefore pt is
dyspneic
, cyanotic, with foul greenish sputum
Slide22Cystic fibrosis
Pancreatic enzyme deficiency causes increased mucus glands, increased viscosity of mucus, more secretions and infections, scarring of membranes
Inherited
Tx
: monitor VS,
orthopnic
position, loosen restrictive clothing, keep pt warm but not overheated, decrease stress, O2 (chronic: postural drainage)
Slide23