Deafness is a much worse misfortune For it means the loss of the most vital stimulusthe sound of the voice that brings language sets thoughts astir and keeps us in the intellectual company of man ID: 997863
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1. Hearing Ipmairment
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3. "The problems of deafness are deeper and more complex, if not more important, than those of blindness. Deafness is a much worse misfortune. For it means the loss of the most vital stimulus--the sound of the voice that brings language, sets thoughts astir and keeps us in the intellectual company of man." 1 (emphasis added)
4. "…after a lifetime in silence and darkness that to be deaf is a greater affliction than to be blind... Hearing is the soul of knowledge and information of a high order. To be cut off from hearing is to be isolated indeeed (emphasis added)Blindness cuts you off from things. But deafness cuts you off from people.
5. Most of us only have the opportunity to experience blindness, albeit temporarily, when we close our eyes. This enables us to appreciate in a very limited way what it must be like to lose our eyesight. And as with so many things in life, it is often only by losing something important that we can appreciate what it really means to us.So perhaps this ability to temporarily switch off our eyesight is the reason why so many people will rank vision above their hearing: they've had the opportunity to experience what they'd be missing.The Ability to Switch Off
6. If we could switch off our hearing temporarily – as we can our eyesight – it would very quickly give us an insight into what our hearing actually does for us. But because our ears are always open, our hearing forms a seamless connection to the world around us, and we are therefore prone to take it for granted.It would therefore be useful to remind ourselves what our hearing does for us.
7. Hearing in our life..!Communication and inter-action (Acquisition of normal language & speech skills). Receiving incoming messages as a listener.Helps to monitor once own speech as a speaker & speech of others as listener.Awareness and safety (Life Saving Signals).Enjoyment and emotions (Aural Recreation).
8. FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN EARThe human ear has TWO functions1. Hearing – The human ear helps us in awareness, identification, discrimination and comprehension of sound stimuli.2. Balancing - The semicircular canals help us maintaining the balance.
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10. The human ear has three main partsOuter EarMiddle EarInner EarParts of the Ear
11. The outer ear includes:auricle (cartilage covered by skin placed on opposite sides of the head)auditory canal (also called the ear canal)eardrum outer layer (also called the tympanic membrane)The outer ear
12. Sound entering the outer ear travels through the middle ear and causes the eardrum and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate. As it travels, it amplifies (becomes louder) and changes from air to liquid.Outer Ear
13. The middle ear includes:EardrumCavity (also called the tympanic cavity)Ossicles (3 tiny bones that are attached)Malleus (or hammer) – long handle attached to the eardrumIncus (or anvil) – the bridge bone between the malleus and the stapesStapes (or stirrup) – the footplate; the smallest bone in the bodyThe Middle Ear
14. The inner ear includes:Oval window – connects the middle ear with the inner earSemicircular ducts – filled with fluid; attached to cochlea and nerves; send information on balance and head position to the brainCochlea – spiral-shaped organ of hearing; transforms sound into signals that get sent to the brainAuditory tube – drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat behind the noseThe Inner Ear
15. When the stapes moves, it pushes the oval window, which then moves the cochlea. The cochlea takes the fluid vibration of sounds from the surrounding semicircular ducts and translates them into signals that are sent to the brain by nerves like the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve.The Inner Ear cont…
16. The brain and auditory system work together to control how we hear and how we balance ourselves. The human ear is a complex organ and many scientists consider hearing to be the most complex of the human senses.Sound can be detected whether a person is on land, underwater or in the air. Hearing is our ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations that travel through our ears. The main purpose of the ear is to turn sound waves from the air into electrical signals that are interpreted by the brain.How Do We Hear?
17. Sound: Rapid Air Waves Through the EarSound travels through the auricle and the auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum. Sound entering the outer ear travels through the middle ear and causes the eardrum and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate. As it travels, it amplifies (gets louder) and changes from air to liquid. When the stapes moves, it pushes the oval window, which then moves the cochlea. The cochlea takes the fluid vibration of sounds from the surrounding semicircular ducts, translates them into signals sent to the brain by nerves like the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve. The brain translates the information into recognizable sound patterns. It is a complex process but it occurs in a split-second of time. How Do We Hear? Cont…
18. Vocalized and Non-Vocalized SoundThe human ear can detect different tones and loudness levels, which can help a person determine the direction of something (locate where the sound comes from), and helps to pick out specific sounds despite lots of background noise. Specifically, when someone is speaking, the sounds may be vocalized or non-vocalized. Vocalized Sound: VowelsVocalized sounds require a combination of air passing through the vocal cords and mouth shapes.When a person is speaking, the vocal cords are in vibration. There is no closure of the throat or mouth with these sounds. And, in almost all languages, words must contain at least one vowel.How Do We Hear? Cont…
19. Non-Vocalized Sound: ConsonantsNon-vocalized sounds are created strictly from mouth shapes. Lipreading is the process of visually detecting non-vocalized sounds. When a person is speaking, the quietest sounds are those that are actually easier to detect visually. When a person can see someone speak, they can understand him or her better. This combination of seeing what is heard contributes to a better sense of understanding.How Do We Hear? Cont…
20. Auditory PathwaysThe auditory pathways begin in the nerve fibers in the inner ear, where sound waves get converted into nerve impulses. These impulses then travel via the auditory nerve to the highest cerebral levels in the cortex of the brain.How Do We Hear?
21. Hearing Impairment ? ? ? Also called as Hearing Loss Definition 1.Hearing impairment may be defined as inability of a person to perform day to day communication with or without amplification.2. According to PWD (Persons With Disability- Equal opportunities, protection of rights & full participation ) Act 1995 Hearing disability means loss of 60 decibels or more in the better ear in the conversational range of frequencies.
22. HEARING IMPAIRMENT
23. How we hear (a) Pinna(b) Ear canal (c) Eardrum (d) 3 smallest bones in the body (e) Cochlea(f) Auditory nerve
24. The hearing loss can be classified on the following basis: Onset of hearing loss Site of lesion Degree of hearing loss
25. Depending on the age of onset:Hearing loss/deafness in early childhood/since birth {Prelingual deafness} … Severe Speech & Language Deficits Deafness Acquired after speech & language development {Post-lingual Deafness} … Deterioration in speech because of difficulty in monitoring one’s own speech.
26. Conductive hearing lossSensori - neural hearing lossMixed hearing lossAuditory processing disorderDepending on the site of lesion:
27. Depending on the degree of hearing loss (ASHA) 0-15 Normal Hearing16-25 Minimal hearing loss 26-40 Mild hearing loss 41-55 Moderate hearing loss 56-70 Moderately severe hearing loss 71-90 Severe hearing loss >90 Profound hearing loss
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30. How we hear
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32. TYPES OF HEARINGIMPAIRMENT
33. A loss of sensitivityAuditory nervous system pathologyTypes of Hearing Impairment
34. Time of onsetCongenital: present at birthAcquired: obtained after birthAdventitious: acquired after birthImportant Terms
35. Time CourseAcute: sudden onset/short durationChronic: long durationSudden: rapid onsetGradual: changes slowly over timeImportant Terms
36. Time CourseTemporary: limited durationPermanent: irreversibleProgressive: advancingFluctuating: changes in degree over timeImportant Terms
37. Number of Ears InvolvedUnilateral: Just oneBilateral: BothImportant Terms
38. “The ear is not as sensitive as normal in detecting sound”Types: Conductive Sensorineural MixedHearing Sensitivity Loss
39. “Caused by an abnormal reduction or attenuation of sound as it travels from the outer ear to the cochlea”Conductive Hearing Loss
40. Conductive hearing loss is characterized by an obstruction to air conduction that prevents the proper transmission of sound waves through the external auditory canal and/or the middle ear. It is marked by an almost equal loss of all frequencies. The auricle (pinna), external acoustic canal, tympanic membrane, or bones of the middle ear may be dysfunctional. Conductive hearing loss may be congenital or caused by trauma, severe otitis media, otosclerosis, or atresia of the ear canal. Some conductive hearing loss can be treated surgically with tympanoplasty or stapedectomy, and the use of hearing aids and assistive listening devices may also be beneficial.Conductive Hearing Loss
41. Conductive Hearing Loss An audiogram of a bilateral conductive hearing loss
42. Conductive Hearing LossDifferences in the air-bone gap across different types of hearing loss
43. “Caused by a failure in the cochlea to transduce the sound from the middle ear to neural impulses in the VIII Nerve.”Sensorineural Hearing Loss
44. Implications include:A reduction in the sensitivity of the receptor cells in the cochleaA reduction in the frequency resolving power of the cochleaA reduction in the dynamic range of the systemSensorineural Hearing Loss
45. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the sensory receptors of the inner ear are dysfunctional. Sensorineural deafness is a lack of sound perception caused by a defect in the cochlea and/or the auditory division of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This type of hearing loss is more common than conductive hearing loss and is typically irreversible. It tends to be unevenly distributed, with greater loss at higher frequencies. Sensorineural hearing loss may result from congenital malformation of the inner ear, intense noise, trauma, viral infections, ototoxic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, salicylates, loop diuretics), fractures of the temporal bone, meningitis, ménière's disease, cochlear otosclerosis, aging (i.e., presbycusis), or genetic predisposition, either alone or in combination with environmental factors.
46. Many patients with sensorineural hearing loss can be habilitated or rehabilitated with the use of hearing aids. Patients with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (e.g., at least 90 dB) who derive no benefit from conventional hearing aids may be appropriate candidates for the cochlear implant device, which bypasses the damaged structures of the cochlea and stimulates the function of the auditory nerve.
47. Sensorineural Hearing LossAn audiogram of a bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
48. Sensorineural Hearing LossDifferences in the air-bone gap across different types of hearing loss
49. “A loss with both a conductive and sensorineural component.”Mixed Hearing Loss
50. Individuals with mixed hearing loss have both conductive and sensory dysfunction. Mixed hearing loss is due to disorders that can affect the middle and inner ear simultaneously, such as otosclerosis involving the ossicles and the cochlea, head trauma, middle ear tumors, and some inner ear malformations. Trauma resulting in temporal bone fractures may be associated with conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss.
51. Mixed Hearing LossAn audiogram of a bilateral mixed hearing loss
52. Mixed Hearing LossDifferences in the air-bone gap across different types of hearing loss
53. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a deficit in neural processing of auditory stimuli that is not due to higher order language, cognitive, or related factors. However, APD may lead to or be associated with difficulties in higher order language, learning, and communication functions. This type of auditory problem affects more complex auditory processes, such as understanding speech when there is background noise. The results of hearing sensitivity and physiological tests, such as otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) are normal in children with a central auditory disorder.
54. A loss of sensitivityAuditory nervous system pathologyTypes of Hearing Impairment
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56. Causes:DiseaseDisordered auditory nervous system developmentAuditory Nervous System Impairment
57. Kinds:Retrocochlear disordersCentral auditory processing disordersAuditory Nervous System Impairment
58. Auditory Characteristics:Reduced ability to understand speech in a noise backgroundProblems understanding speech with reduced redundancyProblems with localization and lateralizationProblems processing normal or altered temporal cuesAuditory Nervous System Impairment
59. Deaf/Deafness refers to a person who has a profound hearing loss and uses sign language.Hard of hearing refers to a person with a hearing loss who relies on residual hearing to communicate through speaking and lip-reading.Hearing impaired is a general term used to describe any deviation from normal hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, and ranging from mild hearing loss to profound deafness.Residual hearing refers to the hearing that remains after a person has experienced a hearing loss. It is suggested that greater the hearing loss, the lesser the residual hearing.Degree of hearing loss
60. Conductive hearing loss is characterized by an obstruction to air conduction that prevents the proper transmission of sound waves through the external auditory canal and/or the middle ear. It is marked by an almost equal loss of all frequencies. The auricle (pinna), external acoustic canal, tympanic membrane, or bones of the middle ear may be dysfunctional. Conductive hearing loss may be congenital or caused by trauma, severe otitis media, otosclerosis, neoplasms, or atresia of the ear canal. Some conductive hearing loss can be treated surgically with tympanoplasty or stapedectomy, and the use of hearing aids and assistive listening devices may also be beneficial