III YEAR VI SEM Presented by Ms M Rupa APCSEJCTCET Motivation amp Objectives Utilization of computers to deal with knowledge Quantity of knowledge increases rapidly Knowledge might get lost if not captures ID: 1019317
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1. Topic: Expert SystemsCS6659 Artificial Intelligence III YEAR VI SEMPresented by, Ms. M. Rupa, AP/CSE,JCTCET
2. Motivation & ObjectivesUtilization of computers to deal with knowledgeQuantity of knowledge increases rapidlyKnowledge might get lost if not capturesComputers have special requirements for dealing with knowledgeSome knowledge related tasks can be solved better by computers than by humans
3. INTRODUCTION Expert systems are computer applications which embody some non-algorithmic expertise for solving certain types of problems. For example :Diagnostic applicationsPlay chessFinancial planning decisionsConfigure computersMonitor real time systemsUnderwrite insurance policiesPerform many services which previously required human expertise.
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5. What is Expert System ?An expert system, is an interactive computer-based decision tool that uses both facts and heuristics to solve difficult decision making problems, based on knowledge acquired from an expert.Inference engine + Knowledge = Expert system ( Algorithm + Data structures = Program in traditional computer )First expert system, called DENDRAL, was developed in the early 65's at Stanford University.
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9. Roles of Individuals who interact with the systemDomain expert : The individuals who currently are experts in solving the problems; here the system is intended to solve.Knowledge engineer : The individual who encodes the expert's knowledge in a declarative form that can be used by the expert system.User : The individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided by the expert. System engineer : builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine.
10. User InterfaceInferenceEngineKnowledgeBaseThree Major ES Components
11. Components and InterfacesUser interface : The code that controls the dialog between the user and the system.Inference engine : The code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem specific data in working storage.Knowledge base : A declarative representation of the expertise often in IF THEN rules .
12. Expert System BenefitsBenefits of Expert SystemsAvailability − They are easily available due to mass production of software.Less Production Cost − Production cost is reasonable. This makes them affordable.Speed − They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an individual puts in.Less Error Rate − Error rate is low as compared to human errors.Reducing Risk − They can work in the environment dangerous to humans.Steady response − They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or fatigued.
13. Expert System LimitationsNo technology can offer easy and complete solution. Large systems are costly, require significant development time, and computer resources. ESs have their limitations which includes −Limitations of the technologyDifficult knowledge acquisitionES are difficult to maintainHigh development costs
14. Applications of Expert System
15. Knowledge AcquisitionKnowledge acquisition is the process of extracting, structuring and organizing knowledge from one source, usually human experts, so it can be used in software such as an ES.
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17. Typical expert systems
18. Typical expert systems MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections. It is used in medical field.
19. DARTDART: Expert systems for automated computer fault diagnosis.The Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool, explores the application of artificial intelligence techniques to the diagnosis of computer faults. It assists a technician in finding the faults in a computer system. (hardware and software).DART uses a device-independent language for describing devices and device-independent inference procedure for diagnosis.The primary goal of the DART Project is to develop programs that capture the special design knowledge and diagnostic abilities of these experts and to make them available to field engineers.
20. XCONXCON – (eXpert CONfigure) is a type of computer program used by VAX – ("virtual address extension") or (logical address) Computers for selecting various components based on customers requirements.
21. Expert System ShellsShells − A shell is nothing but an expert system without knowledge base. A shell provides the developers with knowledge acquisition, inference engine, user interface, and explanation facility. A shell is a piece of software which contains the user interface, a format for declarative knowledge in the knowledge base, and an inference engine.Many expert systems are built with products called expert system shells. The knowledge and system engineers uses these shells in making expert systems.
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23. Knowledge engineer : uses the shell to build a system for a particular problem domain.System engineer : builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine. Depending on the size of the system, the knowledge engineer and the system engineer might be the same person.
24. Outcome of Human Expert Behaviors in ESRecognize and formulate the problemSolve problems quickly and properlyExplain the solutionLearn from experienceRestructure knowledgeBreak rulesDetermine relevance Degrade gracefully