1 Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earths crust 2 A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure Examples of minerals are calcite feldspar quartz mica marble and silicate ID: 810340
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Slide1
Chapter 6: Land and its resources
Slide2.1.
Mineral is natural element or compound found in the Earth’s crust.
2. A mineral has a composition and a specific crystalline structure. Examples of minerals are calcite, feldspar, quartz, mica, marble and silicate.
3.. Only inactive elements can exist freely in the Earth’s crust. Meanwhile, active elements will react with other elements to form particular compounds.
4.. Natural elements commonly found in the Earth’s crust are gold, silver, platinum, mercury and arsenic.
The Various Minerals Found in the Earth’s Crust
Slide3elements
% by weight
oxygen
46.6
silicon
27.7
aluminium
8.1iron/ferrum5.0calcium3.6sodium2.8potassium2.6magnesium2.1titanium0.4hydrogen/carbon0.14
Almost 75% of the weight of a mineral in the Earth’s Crust is made up of oxygen and silicon elements. Thus, silicate minerals which contain oxygen and silicon elements make up the largest amount. Examples of silicate minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica and clay.
Minerals that do not contain silicon element are known as non-silicate minerals. Examples of
non silicate minerals
are
calcite, dolomite, magnetite and hematite.
Other
non metallic elements
such as
oxygen, sulphur and carbon
usually exist in the form of compounds such as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.
Less active elements combine with oxygen and sulphur to
form oxides and sulphides
such as iron oxide, aluminium oxide, lead sulphide and iron sulphide.
Slide4Types of compounds
Elements present
Oxides
metal and oxygen
Carbonates
metal, carbon and oxygen
Sulphides
metal and sulphurSilicatesmetal, silicon and oxygenSilicasilicon and oxygenElement in Natural CompoundsTypes of mineralsExamplesOf Natural MineralsChemical name(Mineral Content)Elements in the mineraloxidesbauxitealuminium oxideAluminium and oxygen
hematite
iron oxide
iron and oxygen
magnetite
magnesium oxide
Magnesium and oxygen
cassitetite
tin oxide
tin and oxygen
sulphide
galena
lead sulphide
lead and sulphur
pyrite
iron sulphide
iron and sulphur
chalcocite
copper sulphide
copper and sulphur
blende
zinc sulphide
zinc and sulphur
carbonate
calcite (marble)
calcium carbonate
calcium, carbon and oxygen
magnesite
magnesium carbonate
Magnesium, carbon and oxygen
dolomite
magnesium carbonate
Magnesium, carbon and oxygen
malachite
copper carbonate
copper, carbon and oxygen
Slide5Slide6KESAN HABA KE ATAS LOGAM KARBONAT DAN LOGAM SULFIDA
calcium
c
arbonat
Air kapur
(
untuk
uji gas )Iron sulfideLarutan kalium permangganat berasid(uij gas SO2 ) ungu jernihjernihkeruhmineral air kapur (jernih)Kalium permangganat (ungu)Gas terbebascalcium carbonat
Iron sulfide
Iron
oxside
lead sulfide
Magnesium
carbonat
tin
oxside
keruh
keruh
jernih
jernih
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
SO
2
SO
2
tidak
terurai
tidak
terurai
pemerhatian
C
O
2
C
O
2
C
O
2
Slide7Metal + oxygen metal oxide
Metal +
sulphur metal sulphide
Metal
sulphide
metal oxide + sulphur dioxide
Slide8Metal react with oxygen
MAZI C–
decending
order
CIZAM
– accending order
Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12Metal react with sulphur
MAZI
C
–
decending
order C IZAM – accending order
Slide13PERAK 12
Magnesium + sulphur
magnesium sulphide
heat
Calcium sulphide
calcium oxide + sulphur dioxideheat
Slide14Reactions of metals with non-metal
Magnesium +
sulphur
magnesium
sulphide
Aluminium + sulphur aluminum sulphideZinc + sulphur zinc sulphideIron + sulphur iron sulphideCopper + sulphur copper sulphideMetal with sulphur
Magnesium + oxygen
magnesium oxideAluminium + oxygen aluminum oxideZinc + oxygen zinc oxideIron + oxygen iron oxideCopper + oxygen copper oxideMetal with oxygenPotassium Manganate (vii) crystals release oxygen when heatedThe glass wool at the mouth of the boiling tube prevents oxygen from escaping too fast into the airThe glass wool at in the boiling tube prevents the Potassium Manganate (VII) from mixing with the metal powder.
Slide15Slide16Slide17Test
Slide18PKBS 2 2010 MEI
Slide19PMR 2007
Slide20SBP 2006
PMR 09
Slide21PMR 08
Slide22Diagram 6 shows the set-up apparatus to determine the action of heat on plumbum sulphide.
A. Describe
the colour change of the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution.
...........................................................................................................................
[1
mark
]
B. Name the solution that can be used to substitute the acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution. .........................................................................................................................[1 mark]C. Name the white residue produced after plumbum sulphide is heated. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [ 1 mark]D. State the two elements found in plumbum sulphide. (i) ........................................................................................................ (ii) .........................................................................................................[2 marks]SBP 2009
Slide23SBP 2011
Slide24Slide25Minerals in the Earth’s crust
Slide26A metal is an element that has a
shiny surface, is ductile and
malleable.Example: zinc, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, lead, gold, silver …Most metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide
.
Most metals
react with sulphur to form metal sulphide.Metal & non-metalA non-metal is an element that has a dull surface, is brittle.Example: graphite (carbon), sulphur
, oxygen, chlorine
…Zinc + sulphur zinc sulphideZinc + oxygen zinc oxide
Slide27The Moths Scale
Slide28Silicon Compound
Silicon
is non-metallic element that is the second most abundant element after the element oxygen in the Earth’s crust.Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural states but combines with other elements to form compounds.
Silicon normally combines with other elements such as
metals and oxygen
to form silicon compounds (silica and silicate)Silica is also known as silicon dioxide.Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide (silica)Example of silica: sand, quartz and flintSilicate is a silicon compound that contains
silicon, metal and oxygen
.Silicate is form when silicon combines with oxygen and metal.Silicon + oxygen + metal silicateExamples: clay, mica, feldspar, asbestos gem (jade, ruby, topaz)
Slide29The properties of silicon compounds
Slide30Characteristic of silicon:
Do not dissolve in water
Do not react with acidDo not decomposed when heated
Sodium silicate
magnesium silicate
Feldfars
silicate
Slide31Slide32Slide33Calcium carbonate is the chemical name for lime element that is formed
from 3 types of elements, which are calcium, carbon and oxygen.Examples of calcium compounds are:
a. Lime b. Lime stonec. Marble d. calcitee. Gypsum f. shell of sea animalsg. bones and teeth h. egg shells.
CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUND
Slide34insoluble in water
soluble in water containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas to form calcium hydrogen carbonate.
It reacts with dilute acid to produce calcium salt water and carbon dioxide
It decomposes into
calcium oxide
quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated. PMR 07, 08Calcium oxide dissolves a little in water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime and heat energy is releasedThe characteristics of calcium carbonate are: PMR 03, 04
Slide35Slide36Properties of calcium carbonates
Slide37Tindakan
haba ke
atas kalsium
karbonat
kalsium
karbonat
kalsium oksidakalsium hidroksidatitiskan airii. haba terhasili. Berdesirbatu kapurkapur tohorkapur matipepejal serbuk cecairpanaskan
Slide38PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATES
Slide39The formation of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide
Slide40Slide41Natural fuel resources and their importance.
Formation of natural fuel resources.
Natural fuel resources include fossil fuels such as
petroleum, natural gas and coal.
Coal is formed from plants that grew in swamps millions of years ago.
Petroleum and natural gas are formed from plants and animals that lived in the sea or on the land millions of years ago.
When these animals and plants died, their remains became buried under mud and sand at the bottom of the sea. High pressure and heat slowly changed the mud and sand into rocks and the remains of the animals and plants into petroleum and natural gas. PMR 08
Slide42Characteristics and uses of petroleum fractions
Fossil fuel are hydrocarbons
(hydrogen and carbon)Petroleum is a mixture of many types of hydrocarbons which need to be separated before can be used.The hydrocarbons in the petroleum have different boiling points.Therefore, the petroleum can be separated into various components by fractional distillation.
The components which are separated are called fractions or distillates.
The
higher the boiling point of a fraction of petroleum, PMR 03, 05, 08the darker its colourthe higher the viscositythe colour of the flame become more yellowishmore soot produced when burntmore difficult to burn in air http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/fractional.htm
Slide43Fractional distillation of petroleum
Slide44PERAK 12
Slide45PMR 2008
Slide46Slide47THE USES OF THE PRODUCTS OF DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
PMR 07
Slide48Slide49Bahan api
semula jadi
1.
Iaitu
petroleum, gas asli, arang batu dan kayu-kayan2. dikenali sebagai bahan api fosil
.
Kerana berasal dari tumbuhan dan haiwan mati berjuta tahun lampau. Petroleum 1. Bewarna hitam dan likat, terdiri dari campuran hidrogen dan karbon dan dinamakan sebatian hidrokarbon.2. Proses pemisahan petroleum dinamakan penyulingan berperingkat disebabkan petroleum mempunyai takat didih berlainan
Slide50Gas
asli
1.Gas asli terdiri
daripada
metana, etana, dan butana2. Gas asli diangkut dalam bentuk gas asli cecair
(LNG)
arang batu1.Dahulu arang batu diguna untuk menjalankan kapal laut, dan keretapiFRACTIONAL DISTILATION
Slide51Colour
Viscosity
Colour
of flame
Soot combustibilityTemperature
Slide52Fraction
Temperature
colour
viscosity
Colour
of flame
Soot produced
combustiibility
Slide53Penutup
2. Tasbih Kifarah.
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr