DNA Technology the field of science that deals with making changes in an organisms DNA Genetic engineering Image Source earthtimesorg the process of separating DNA from the rest of the cell ID: 779531
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Slide1
Selective Breeding
and
Genetic Engineering
Slide2DNA Technology
Slide3the field of science that deals with making changes in an organism’s DNA
Genetic engineering
Image Source: earthtimes.org
Slide4the process of separating DNA from the rest of the cell
DNA extraction
Image Source: yeastern.com
Slide5substances used
to
“cut” DNA
They
are very specific and cut DNA only in specified places due to a nucleotide sequence.
Restriction enzymes
Slide6Restriction enzymes
Image Source: socratic.org
Slide7procedure where DNA fragments are placed in a special gel and an electric current is run through it. The current picks up the pieces and carries them through the gel. Bands are then compared to a known sample.
Gel electrophoresis
Slide8Gel electrophoresis
Image Source: brittanica.com
Slide9This
is used to compare samples from crime scenes to suspects(looking for a specific match), or a child to a possible family or father(looking for similarities in DNA).
CODIS
is the genetic “bank” of DNA samples from crime scenes.
Gel electrophoresis
Image Source: science.halleyhosting.com
Slide10Slide11Slide12an analysis of sections of DNA that are used to identify individuals….such as criminals, missing children, MIA soldiers, crime victims, etc. Each person has unique DNA that can be used for identification.
DNA fingerprinting
Slide13Suspect 3 has some explaining to do…
Hemophilia- replaces the defective allele on the X chromosome to correct the instructions for blood clotting.
Slide14Trait Manipulation
Slide15Ways to get desired traits
Selective Breeding
Inbreeding
hybridization
Genetic engineering
Cloning
Slide16allowing only those animals or plants with desired traits to reproduce.
Selective Breeding
Slide17This
is how we have developed
many
varieties of corn, wheat,
rice
, cows, horses,
dogs
, etc. These are
referred to as
domesticated
varieties
.
Selective Breeding
Image Source: sciencedaily.com
Slide18Selective breeding has been practiced for thousands of years.
Selective Breeding
Image Source: medicaldaily.com
Slide19It involves humans choosing two individuals to mate to produce offspring with certain desirable
characteristics, such as:
leaner
meat on an
animal
wheat
seeds that remain
attached
to the plant for
longer
Selective Breeding
Image Source: emaze.com
Slide20Many plants and animals for domestic and agricultural purposes have been bred in this way to produce new varieties.
Selective Breeding
Slide21Dogs are a great example
Slide22Examples
Cattle and sheep have been specifically bred for such things as leaner meat, more milk, creamier milk, better quality wool and increased resistance to disease.
Pigs, due to selective breeding are less aggressive, have smaller tusks and more meat compared to their genetically similar ancestors.
Image Source: firstwefeast.com
Slide23Examples
Horses have been selectively bred from wild horses over centuries resulting in many varieties including draft horses.
breeds such as the Shire, Clydesdale, Belgian and Suffolk which are used for specific
farming
purposes, but all
involve
greater strength,
size
and ability to pull
wagons
, ploughs and drays.
Race horses also originated
from
wild horses and have
been
bred for greater speed.
Image Source: auldaney.blogspot.com
Slide24Forms of selective breeding
Inbreeding
- involves crossing 2 individuals that have
similar
desired traits.
The offspring will probably have the same traits.
Increases the chances of the recessive alleles being inherited
Leads
to genetic disorders
Slide25Forms of selective breeding
Hybridization
-
crossing 2 genetically
different
individuals (hybrid-different)
-
have best traits from both parents
Slide26Hybridization
the crossing of dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms
.
Many crops and domesticated animals are hybrids
Slide27the combination of DNA from different sources.
(For example:
Human gene for human growth hormone is inserted into bacteria and then used to produce growth hormone used to treat growth disorders).
Recombinant DNA
Slide28This is the same procedure used to produce insulin for diabetics, or clotting factor for hemophiliacs: they just insert a different gene into the bacteria
.
Recombinant DNA
Slide29Slide30Genetic Engineering
Slide31term used to describe genetically modified foods
“GM”
Slide32“GM”
Slide33Slide34refers to transferring the genetic material of one cell into another cell
Cloning
Image Source: huffingtonpost.com
Slide35this can result in either a group of identical cells or a new individual, in which case it is called reproductive cloning.
Cloning
Slide36Dolly
, a sheep produced in
1996,
was the first cloned mammal.
Cloning
Image Source: businessinsider.com
Slide37Slide38Cloning is also used in agriculture with plants. Every banana you’ve ever eaten was a
clone
.
Cloning
Image Source: io9.com
Slide39Make MIMI the Mouse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
Slide40a process in which an absent or faulty gene is replaced with a normal working gene. This has been successfully done in some cases in
humans.
Gene Therapy
Image Source: io9.com
Slide41Using genetic engineering to correct some genetic disorders in humans
.
Involves inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells
.
Example: Hemophilia-
replaces the defective allele on the X chromosome to correct the instructions for blood clotting.
Gene Therapy
Slide42Gene Therapy
Slide43Vocabulary
Selective Breeding
:
The intentional breeding of organisms with desirable traits in an attempt to produce offspring with similar desirable characteristics or with improved traits.
Species
:
A group of organisms having common characteristics that is capable of mating with one another.
Variation
:
Differences in individual living things from each other.
gene
:
A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
gene pool:
All the genes of all the members in a population.
Slide44selective pressure
:
Any environmental factor that favors one trait over another.
mutation
:
A random change in a gene or a group of genes.
genetic isolation
:
What occurs when two groups of one species are prevented from breeding with each other.
inherited trait
:
An inherited characteristic—such as hair and eye color or muscle and bone structure—that has been passed on from a previous generation.
acquired trait
:
An acquired characteristic—such as the ability to ride a bike or do karate—that is attained throughout life. Acquired traits are not passed on genetically.
Slide45