y economic and social development as it is associated with culture, cr - PDF document

y economic and social development as it
y economic and social development as it is associated with cultur

e, creativity and innovation. ,Ó creati
e, creativity and innovation. ,Ó creativity is seen as creating

Òsomething new under the sunÓ that would
Òsomething new under the sunÓ that would eventually change the wo

rld10. In 18 to 19 century, individualis
rld10. In 18 to 19 century, individualism is valued and inventors

are praised, so creativity became the i
are praised, so creativity became the ideal that everybody shoul

d be inspired11. Weiner says that the wo
d be inspired11. Weiner says that the word ÒcreativityÓ came 200

5), thereÕs a polarization in security t
5), thereÕs a polarization in security technology. On one hand, w

e have professional security domain ...
e have professional security domain ... On the other hand, non-pr

ofessional Hackers Ð small groups Ð have
ofessional Hackers Ð small groups Ð have start taking form. ItÕs

different than the Ôgreat allianceÕ peri
different than the Ôgreat allianceÕ period several years ago.Ó I

would call this situation Òan informatio
would call this situation Òan information wild westÓ, for the she

riffs have no better weapons than the ga
riffs have no better weapons than the gangsters. ÒDo you want to

know what the girl you have a crush on i
know what the girl you have a crush on is saying when she chats o

nline? Do you want to know who she talks
nline? Do you want to know who she talks with beside you? Do you

want to know what your children are doin
want to know what your children are doing online? Please use this

software127Ó, says the beginning of an
software127Ó, says the beginning of an article introducing a hac

kerÕs tool. For every attack, there is a
kerÕs tool. For every attack, there is a defense. When a Heike ta

lked about his/her motivation in becomin
lked about his/her motivation in becoming a Heike, s/he says: ÒAc

tually I didnÕt want to be a hacker. I w
tually I didnÕt want to be a hacker. I wanted to be a lawful citi

zen, to play around on the web, chat a b
zen, to play around on the web, chat a bit, download some softwar

e, and read some news ... but my compute
e, and read some news ... but my computer is being invaded multip

le times; I wanted to find out whoÕs beh
le times; I wanted to find out whoÕs behind this and punish them

a bit, but my skill is limited and I don
a bit, but my skill is limited and I donÕt even know how my compu

ter is compromised140.Ó . The dynamic
ter is compromised140.Ó . The dynamics of women in geek cultur

e also varies between sub-groups. For ex
e also varies between sub-groups. For example, Varma noticed that

Òdue to low social and economic status,
Òdue to low social and economic status, minority women are less

likely to resent being associated with g
likely to resent being associated with geek culture142.Ó Neverthe

less, The stereotype association implici
less, The stereotype association implicit in geek culture constit

utes a main obstacle for technologytech
utes a main obstacle for technologytechnologyvocaloid NAS guard

by year178 automobile Tebow Ziru179 cur
by year178 automobile Tebow Ziru179 curriculum innovation guest

by year agriculture Volvo lofter input
by year agriculture Volvo lofter inputpay doodle Apple rad

io Alienware Wechat air forbidden pa
io Alienware Wechat air forbidden palace Stars VR Hololen

s nonprofit technology One noticea
s nonprofit technology One noticeable trend is that article

s in Geekpark.net are becoming Òless gee
s in Geekpark.net are becoming Òless geekyÓ, or more focused on t

echnology in everyday life instead of sp
echnology in everyday life instead of specific topics in the comp

uter industry. For example, software jar
uter industry. For example, software jargons like Github, SPDY, H

TTP, GPL were trending only before 2013.
TTP, GPL were trending only before 2013. Although there are other

terms such as NAS183, VR, or AI after 2
terms such as NAS183, VR, or AI after 2013, these terms are most

ly attached to some products sold in the
ly attached to some products sold in the market. This could mean

Jike culture is moving out of the small
Jike culture is moving out of the small circles focused on techni

cal details of information technology in
cal details of information technology into a broader popular cult

ure and consumer culture. This may also
ure and consumer culture. This may also mean that becoming a Jike

is less difficult than before. The last
is less difficult than before. The last analytical tool used in

this chapter is topic models. I use topi
this chapter is topic models. I use topic models both for detecti

ng topics and for tracking topical trend
ng topics and for tracking topical trends. The method I used is c

alled Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA),
alled Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and it can be used to ex

tract ÒtopicsÓ from text corpus. Its ide
tract ÒtopicsÓ from text corpus. Its idea (in the context of text

mining) is that each word in a document
mining) is that each word in a document can be Òmodeled as a fin

ite mixture over an underlying set of to
ite mixture over an underlying set of topics184Ó. Through estimat

ing the parameters of the model, we coul
ing the parameters of the model, we could find out which word is

most likely to be assigned to which Òtop
most likely to be assigned to which ÒtopicsÓ. In this research, I

used an R package provided by Bettina G
used an R package provided by Bettina GrŸn and Kurt Hornik185. B

efore applying topic models, I removed a
efore applying topic models, I removed all the terms having TF-ID

F less than 0.2. This reduces the total
F less than 0.2. This reduces the total number of terms from 24,8

05 to 2,210,
05 to 2,210, 183

Average Probability of Articles Belongi
Average Probability of Articles Belonging to a Topi in a Month

milar purpose to educational makerspaces
milar purpose to educational makerspaces: they hire teachers, des

ign curriculums, and engage with parents
ign curriculums, and engage with parents and students. In fact, m

any practitioners in Chuangke QQ groups
any practitioners in Chuangke QQ groups came from LEGO Activity c

enters, and they started to experiment w
enters, and they started to experiment with other activities of C

huangke education beyond LEGO robots. B
huangke education beyond LEGO robots. But LEGO products are ofte

n too expensive, especially for the scho
n too expensive, especially for the schools in remote and less de

veloped regions. As a result, the progra
veloped regions. As a result, the programming environment Scratch

became the next technology cherished by
became the next technology cherished by teachers. Scratch is a f

ree and open-source programming environm
ree and open-source programming environment designed by Dr. Mitch

Resnick and his Lifelong Kindergarten g
Resnick and his Lifelong Kindergarten group at the MIT Media La

b, for introducing programming to youth2
b, for introducing programming to youth222. Scratch has been welc

omed by students and teachers because 1)
omed by students and teachers because 1) users only need to drag

and drop blocks to write a program, whic
and drop blocks to write a program, which allows kids to quickly

start to make their projects instead of
start to make their projects instead of spending too much time le

arning a programming language, 2) it all
arning a programming language, 2) it allows students to make inte

ractive stories and games, which are fun
ractive stories and games, which are fun to play and helpful in b

uilding studentsÕ self-confidence; and 3
uilding studentsÕ self-confidence; and 3) it is expressive and su

pports the building of complex products.
pports the building of complex products. Scratch has been further

modified by Chinese companies to suppor
modified by Chinese companies to support robotic modules, replac

ing some functions of LEGO robots with l
ing some functions of LEGO robots with less exp.Ó In some Chines

e Chuangke classes, students Òno longer
e Chuangke classes, students Òno longer concern about how they ar

e graded by the teachers or their ranks
e graded by the teachers or their ranks in the contests; they car

e more about the comments they receive i
e more about the comments they receive in microblogs and forums23

3.Ó In Wenzhou High School, the makerspa
3.Ó In Wenzhou High School, the makerspace is run by a student cl

ub - ÒScience and Technology Making Club
ub - ÒScience and Technology Making ClubÓ. Student applicants sig

n up to become members and judged by sen
n up to become members and judged by senior club members in terms

of their Òcreative ideas, the will of m
of their Òcreative ideas, the will of making, and making abiliti

es234.Ó But the students will eventually
es234.Ó But the students will eventually grow up and face their c

ritical trial Ð the gaokao. In a convers
ritical trial Ð the gaokao. In a conversation in the QQ groups, a

teacher mentioned: E: I have a students
teacher mentioned: E: I have a students who plays so well with S

cratch. I almost told him to stop. E: He
cratch. I almost told him to stop. E: He will eventually need to

pass the High School Entrance Examinatio
pass the High School Entrance Examination and the gaokao. E: If h

e can get into a key university through
e can get into a key university through gaokao, he can continue w

orking on information technology. The s
orking on information technology. The situation is better for th

e younger kids, because they still have
e younger kids, because they still have years to go before gaokao

. Some high schools start to admit stude
. Some high schools start to admit students who worked well in Ch

uangke classes, and Scratch has been acc
uangke classes, and Scratch has been accepted as a subject in the

National Olympiad in Informatics (NOI)
National Olympiad in Informatics (NOI) for primary school studen

ts235. This may add to the motivation of
ts235. This may add to the motivation of young students taking pa

rt in Chuangke classes. However, a more
rt in Chuangke classes. However, a more fundamental problem comes

from the perception of parents and the
from the perception of parents and the educational style in Chin

ese families. This problem is shown in a
ese families. This problem is shown in a discussion between me an

d a private makerspace teacher: H: My in
d a private makerspace teacher: H: My initial idea is to let kids

play something fun, let them feel inter
play something fun, let them feel interested and discover (scien

ce and technology knowledge) by themselv
ce and technology knowledge) by themselves, then I found that the

result is not what I think.
result is not what I think.

232 Sharples, Mike, Patrick
232 Sharples, Mike, Patrick McAndrew, Martin Weller,

Rebecca Ferguson, Elizabeth FitzGerald,
Rebecca Ferguson, Elizabeth FitzGerald, Tony Hirst, and Mark Gave

d. "Innovating pedagogy 2013: exploring
d. "Innovating pedagogy 2013: exploring new forms of teaching, le

arning and assessment, to guide educator
arning and assessment, to guide educators and policy makers." (20

13). 233 (translated) Wei Ning. "Are You
13). 233 (translated) Wei Ning. "Are You Chuangke Today?." China

Information Technology Education 6 (2013
Information Technology Education 6 (2013): 34-34. 234 (translated

) Xue Yuan. H: Parents come (with their
) Xue Yuan. H: Parents come (with their kids) whenever they have

spare time. They want to see the end pr
spare time. They want to see the end product. Part of the work (

made in the makerspace) is just done by
made in the makerspace) is just done by teachers. The kids only p

lay with the end product, and they lose
lay with the end product, and they lose their interest as soon as

they finished playing. new ideas. Cre
they finished playing. new ideas. Creative agents In this the

sis project, I surveyed three technology
sis project, I surveyed three technology communities in China: He

ike, Jike, and Chuangke. In Chapter 2, I
ike, Jike, and Chuangke. In Chapter 2, I inspected Heike (Chinese

hackers) culture manifested through the
hackers) culture manifested through the in two different ways.

The first way is within the development
The first way is within the development of these cultures through

out history. Heike appeared first and wa
out history. Heike appeared first and was the most active one in

1998-2006250; Jike rose around 2010are
1998-2006250; Jike rose around 2010are grassrootsalons to bridg

e Jike and NPOs with mixed results270. S
e Jike and NPOs with mixed results270. Some projects showed great

potential of making social changes by d
potential of making social changes by designing for social good,

but few projects are successfully deplo
but few projects are successfully deployed into the field. NPOs

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