Marjane Satrapi Label Iran Iraq Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia on the map on your handout According to a 2006 CNN Study Geography Greek to Young Americans After more than three years of combat and nearly 2400 US military deaths in Iraq nearly twothirds of Americans aged 18 to ID: 789050
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Slide1
Persepolis Background:Reading with the Historical Lens
Marjane Satrapi
Slide2Label Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia on the map on your handout.According to a 2006 CNN
Study: “Geography Greek to Young Americans
”
After
more than three years of combat and nearly 2,400 U.S. military deaths in Iraq, nearly two-thirds of Americans aged 18 to 24 still cannot find Iraq on a
map.
In
the Middle East, 63 percent could not find Iraq or Saudi Arabia on a map, and 75 percent could not point out Iran or Israel. Forty-four percent couldn't find any one of those four countries.
Slide3What can we infer is problematic if our young people don’t know the geographic makeup of our world?"Taken together, these results suggest that young people in the United States ... are unprepared for an increasingly global future," said the study's final report.
Slide4So where is Iran, the country in which Persepolis takes place?
Slide5So where is Iran, the country in which Persepolis takes place?
Slide6Now label Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia on the map on your handout.
Slide7Tehran is Iran’s Capital
Slide8What does this mean?
According to dictionary.com
Islam
: A monotheistic (belief in only one God) religion characterized by the acceptance of the doctrine of submission to God and to Muhammad as the chief and last prophet of God.
The people or nations that practice Islam; the Muslim world.
The civilization developed by the Muslim world.
Revolution
: The overthrow of one government and its replacement with another.
Slide9Iran: The BasicsIRAN, officially Islamic Republic of Iran, republic
2011 est. pop. 75,149,669
1,648,000
sq
km, SW Asia. Slightly smaller than Alaska.
Prior to 1935, Iran was known as Persia.
Tehran is the capital, largest city and the political, cultural, commercial, and industrial center of the nation.
Slide10Iran: The Basics continued…
Islam entered the country in the 7th cent. AD and is now the official religion; about 90% of Iranians are Muslims of the Shiite sect.
The remainder, mostly Kurds and Arabs, are Sunnis.
In addition to Armenian and Assyrian Christian sects, there are Jews, Protestants, and Roman Catholics
.
The principal language of the country is Persian (Farsi), which is written in Arabic characters. Other languages are Turkic dialects, Turkish, Kurdish, Armenian, and Arabic. Among the educated classes, English and French are spoken.
Slide11Iran: A brief modern history—1925
Reza Khan is
elected
Shah of Persia
He abolished
the British
treaty (in other words the British no longer controlled Persia),
reorganized the army, introduced many reforms, and encouraged the development of industry and education.
Slide12Iran: A brief modern history—1935
Persia changes its name to Iran
Slide13In Aug., 1941, two months after the German invasion of the USSR (Russia now), British and Soviet forces occupied Iran.
Reza Shah goes into exile and is succeeded by his son, Muhammad Reza Shah
Pahlevi
. American troops later entered Iran to handle the delivery of war supplies to the USSR.
Iran is considered an ally in the war against Germany.
Iran: A brief
modern
history
—1941-43
President Roosevelt with the Shah of Iran during the Tehran Conference - November 30, 1943
Slide14Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide151951—Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq nationalizes Iran’s oil industry and Great Britain organizes an
embargo
(an official trade ban)
1953—CIA & British Intelligence organize a
coup
(violent and illegal seizure of power)
to overthrow
Mossadeq
1954
—Iran
allowed
British
, American, French, and Dutch oil companies to operate its oil facilities, with profits shared equally between Iran and the consortium.
1957—
Martial
law
(the British, American, French, and Dutch militaries were involved in the suspension of ordinary law by the leaders of Iran)
was
ended after 16 years in force. Iran established closer relations with the West, joining the Baghdad Pact, and receiving large amounts of military and economic aid from the United States until the late 1960s.
Iran: A brief
modern history
— Relations with the West: 1951-1960
Slide16Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held close reins on the government as absolute monarch, but he moved toward certain democratic reforms within Iran. A new government-backed political party, the Iran
Novin
party, was introduced and won an overwhelming majority in the parliament in the 1963 and subsequent elections.
Women received the right to vote in national elections in 1963.
Iran: A brief modern history
— Relations with the West: 1951-1960
Shah with President Kennedy in the oval office
1962
Slide17Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide18Rule Under
Mohammad Reza
Shah
Pahlavi
1 Man
Wealthy Land Owners
Military
Agriculture
Industry
Workers
from
Privatized Farms and Industry
(owned by
wealthy land owners)
Millions of People
Power
Powerless
Wealth
Poor
Slide19Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide20Iran: A brief modern history— Politics within Iran—1960-70s
The shah's various reform programs and poor economic conditions alienated some of the major religious and political groups, and riots occurred in mid-1963.
Internal opposition within the country was regularly purged by the Shah's secret police force (SAVAK), created in 1957.
1978—Iran comes close to civil war amidst strong
Shi’i
opposition to the Shah. Opposition is led by Ayatollah Khomeini who lives in exile in France
While Shah was concerned with international relations as seen here in 1972 with President Nixon in the oval office, his country’s people were experiencing poverty and seeing the West benefit more from their labors and resources than they were.
Slide21Iranian railwayNational bankCreation of the first university in
Iran
Eradication of
malaria
Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on
bribes
Creation of schoolbooks; before Reza Shah the Islamic
madreseh
was the only form of schooling and the Koran the only widely available
book
Iran: A brief modern history
—
Reza Shah’s Major Achievements
Slide22Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide23The Islamic RevolutionWhy did the Iranians have a revolution if Reza Shah had such accomplishments?
Slide24Karl Marx: German Philosopher (THINKER—not a leader)
Father of Communism
Wrote the Communist Manifesto
Dreamed of a New Social Order
Strengthen industry, agriculture, and military
Populace of educated people will successfully govern themselves
Citizens will collectively own the combined wealth
Utopian type dream where a classless society provided all its citizens with a comfortable and meaningful life
Slide25Communism As Envisioned By Karl Marx
No Man
Collectively Owned Agriculture
Collectively Owned Industry
Self Governance
Mandatory Military Service For All Citizens
POWER
WEALTH
Slide26Hope for ChangeLike the revolutionaries of America, France, and Russia, the Iranians hoped for a government which allowed them more opportunities to prosper. They were familiar with Marx’s work and it did influence some peoples’ thinking. That does not mean all people wanted a communist state. Some hoped for a democracy. Some hoped for a more communal approach. Most wanted less repression and more prosperity. How to get it was the question.
Slide27Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide28Iran: A brief modern history— Pre-Revolution —1978
The rapid growth of industrialization and modernization programs within Iran, along with private wealth, became greatly resented by most of the population, mainly in the overcrowded urban areas and among the rural poor.
All images are by
Micahel
Setboun
“who covered
the
révolution
from 78 to 1981
.”
Slide29Iran: A brief modern history— The Islamic Revolution —1978-79
The shah's autocratic rule and his extensive use of the secret police led to widespread popular unrest throughout 1978.
The religious-based protests were conservative in nature, directed against the shah's policies. Khomeini, who was expelled from Iraq in Feb., 1978, called for the abdication of the shah.
Shah leaves Iran in January
Khomeini
returns to Iran from
France in February
Slide30Iran: A brief modern history— The Islamic Revolution —1979
The new government represented a major shift toward conservatism. It nationalized industries and banks and revived Islamic traditions.
Western influence and music were banned, women were forced to return to traditional veiled dress, and Westernized elites fled the country.
A new constitution was written allowing for a presidential system, but Ayatollah Khomeini remained at the executive helm as Supreme Leader.
Slide31Iran: A brief modern history— The Islamic Revolution —1979
On
Nov. 4, 1979, Iranian militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American hostages.
Khomeini refused all
appeals
for the hostages release
The Iranian leadership and some of the populace blamed the economic inequities on American politicians because of Shah’s close ties with America.
America’s oil industry benefited greatly when Shah was in power.
President Carter boycotted trade with Iran and agitation
increased toward the West
resulting in the
breaking of diplomatic
relations
Slide32Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide33Iran: A brief modern history— Iran-Iraq War—1980-1982
Iraq invades Iran claiming territories occupied by Arabs as well as territories occupied by Iran since 1971
Iraq was
motivated by fears that the Iranian Revolution in 1979 would inspire insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia
majority.
Saddam
Hussein
, the Iraqi president, hoped
to take advantage of Iran's revolutionary chaos and attacked without formal
warning.
The United
States
supported Iraq
during the Iran–Iraq War,
by providing several
billion dollars' worth of economic aid, the sale of dual-use technology, non-U.S. origin weaponry, military intelligence, Special Operations training, and direct involvement in warfare against Iran
.
Meanwhile, the
hostage crisis
continues for 444
days
until Jan
. 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as U.S. president.
Slide34Iran: A brief modern history— Iran-Iraq War—1980-1988
Fighting crippled both nations, devastating Iran's military supply and oil industry, and led to an estimated 500,000 to one million casualties. Chemical weapons were used by both countries.
Khomeini rejected diplomatic initiatives and called for the overthrow of Iraq's president, Saddam Hussein .
In Nov., 1986, U.S. government officials secretly visited Iran to trade arms with the Iranians, in the hopes of securing the release of
American hostages being held in Lebanon,
because Iran had political connections with Shiite terrorists in Lebanon.
On July 3, 1988, a U.S. navy warship mistakenly shot down an Iranian civilian aircraft, killing all aboard. That same month, Khomeini agreed to accept a UN cease-fire with Iraq, ending the war.
Iran immediately began rebuilding the nation's economy, especially its oil industry. Tensions also eased at that time with neighboring Afghanistan.
The photo above taken by
Kave
Golestan
who was killed during the
war
illustrates the toll on the Iranian population.
Slide35Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide36Iran: A brief modern history—1989-90
1989—Ayatollah Khomeini dies and
Ali Akbar
Hashemi
Rafsanjani is elected
president.
When Iraq invaded Kuwait in Aug., 1990, Iran adhered to international sanctions against Iraq.
As
a result of the war and its aftermath, more than one million Kurds crossed the Iraqi border into Iran as refugees
.
Slide37Iran: A brief modern history—1995-2003
The
United States suspended all trade with Iran in 1995, accusing Iran of supporting terrorist groups and attempting to develop nuclear weapons.
Tensions with the United States increased after the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq in Mar., 2003, as U.S. officials increasingly denounced Iran for pursuing the alleged development of nuclear weapons.
Iranian government support for strongly conservative Shiite militias in Iraq also further soured U.S.-Iranian relations
.
Slide38Iran: A brief modern history—2005-present
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, hard line in approach, is elected president—2005-2013
Hassan
Rouhani
, a reformist more open to international discussion, is elected president
2013-present
Nuclear tensions continue to be a source of disagreement and concern.
Slide39Answer the question(s) on your handout.Take 5:
Slide40But what of the common man?As with most historical events, the story is one of the leaders whose names are remembered. Throughout these years, common men, women and children moved through their daily lives going to work, sending their children to school and enjoying what leisure activities they could.
Ali
Alizadeh
was born in Tehran in 1976. He grew up with a love of literature, and immersed in the Marxist ideologies of his immediate family, while a Revolution went horribly wrong across wider Iran.
The young Ali grew into a belief that language had power. This was until his family left Iran and moved to Australia—leaving Ali wrestling with his identity and wondering whether his new language still had power.
“Listening
to Michael Jackson in Tehran
after
Azar
Nafisi
“ 2011
Slide41But what of the common man?As with most historical events, the story is one of the leaders whose names are remembered. Throughout these years, common men, women and children moved through their daily lives going to work, sending their children to school and enjoying what leisure activities they could.
Persepolis
Slide42Now read the comic on page ? in your packet.