Presentation Page 2 WHY 1814 iN 1814 The upheavals of 1814 were the result of several factors The world Notions of freedom and power ID: 1027127
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1. 1814
2. The enormity of 1814Presentation Page 2
3. WHY 1814 – iN 1814?The upheavals of 1814 were the result of several factors:The world: Notions of freedom and power politicsThe Nordic region: War, years of want and Sweden’s desire for NorwayNorway: Increased self-identity and domestic discontentPresentation Page 3
4. Norway in january 1814Poor peasant societyUnder Danish rulePresentation Page 4
5. Turning points in 1814Treaty of Kiel: 14 January 1814Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll: 10 April – 20 MayConvention of Moss: 14 AugustRevised Constitution and Union with Sweden: 4 NovemberPresentation Page 5
6. 1814The Treaty of Kiel14 January 1814
7. The peace of kiel, 14 januaryKarl Johan and Sweden attacked and defeated DenmarkPresentation Page 7
8. The treaty of kielPresentation Page 8
9. Scope for revolt“Sweden was not immediately able to seize the prize that Denmark had been compelled to surrender.” (Jens Arup Seip) Presentation Page 9
10. Revolt from aboveThe Danish successor to the throne Christian Frederik mobilized Norwegian revolt against the Treaty of Kiel in February 1814Presentation Page 10
11. Meeting of Notables at eidsvoll, 16 february“Nobody has more Right now to the Norwegian Crown than I or any other Norwegian.”Georg SverdrupPresentation Page 11
12. Elections to the constituent assemblyExtraordinary day of prayer, 25 February:Oath of independence in the churches Election of representativesPresentation Page 12
13. 1814Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll
14. Constituent Assembly, 10 april – 20 may112 representatives were gathered at Eidsvoll for 40 days to draft a Norwegian constitution.Presentation Page 14
15. chAIN OF EVENTS: 12 to 19 April: Constituent Assembly elected committees and debated important questions of principal.20 April to 3 May: Most important work done in the committees – in particular the Constitution Committee, which drafted proposals on what the Constitution should l0ok like.4 to 11 May: Draft constitution deliberated in plenary session, with voting done article by article. 12 to 20 May: A committee examined the adopted text of the Constitution in order to give it the “finishing touches”. The Constitution was adopted as a complete document on 16 May. The Constitution was signed on 17 May and Christian Frederik was elected King the same day. The assembly was formally dissolved on 19 May, and delegates took their leave the following day. Presentation Page 15
16. The constitutionSovereignty of the peopleSeparation of powersHuman and civil rights Presentation Page 16
17. Independence or union?The Constituent Assembly also had to clarify Norway’s relations with Sweden. “The Independence Party”“The Union Party”Presentation Page 17
18. “Norway’s old throne is resurrected”Presentation Page 18
19. 1814The Convention of Moss 14 August 1814
20. Alone in europePresentation Page 20
21. Short-lived warKarl Johan back from the campaign in EuropeWent to war with Norway on 26 July to secure the prize from KielSwift Swedish advance and Norwegian retreatPresentation Page 21
22. PEACE PROPOSAL AND NEGOTIATIONS7 August: Karl Johan pledged to respect the 17 May Constitution in a new peace proposal10–14 August: Negotiations on the terms of peace took place in MossPresentation Page 22
23. The Convention of MossPeace treaty signed in Moss on 14 AugustPresentation Page 23
24. 1814The November Constitution
25. The storting convened for the first timeThe first extraordinary StortingThe Storting met for the the first time on 7 October 1814Christian Frederik abdicated on 10 OctoberFormally, it was the Storting that was to vote for the union with Sweden and the Swedish kingPresentation Page 25
26. negotiations on the constitutionPresentation Page 26
27. The 4 november constitutionPresentation Page 27
28. Into a new unionPresentation Page 28
29. Freedom as a gift?Ever since 1814, historians and others have debated what really happened in 1814.“Freedom as a gift”Domestic processesPresentation Page 29
30. Christian FrederikSaviour and hero, or tool and socialite?Presentation Page 30
31. Swedish-norwegian war, summer 1814 Presentation Page 31