There are many issues that the adolescent faces in todays American society that could bring on anxiety present challenging problems andor require difficult decisionmaking Each individual may deal differently with these subjects For some the matter may be insignificant while it become ID: 699018
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Slide1
Adolescent ChallengesSlide2
Adolescent in Crisis
There are many issues that the adolescent faces in today’s American society that could bring on anxiety, present challenging problems, and/or require difficult decision-making.
Each individual may deal differently with these subjects. For some, the matter may be insignificant, while it becomes a crisis for others or their family. Slide3
Personality & temperament
…
Swiss psychologist Carl Jung (pronounced ‘young’; 1875-1961) theorized about personality and temperament. He defined ‘temperament’ as an individual’s true nature or disposition. It is defined by genetics and our inborn reactions to our environment, emotional and social situations.
Personality, or persona is how we present ourselves to the world. Persona represents all of the different social masks that we wear among different groups and situations, and involves our ego, or behaviors. The individual cannot change inborn temperament … but might be able to revise personality. This likely occurs during adolescence as part of identity development.
People
with personality disorders
have
a
restricted
view of the world and find it difficult to participate in social
activities. Numerous conditions have been identified: Multiple Personalities, Borderline Personality, Bipolar, and Attention-Deficit, Dissociative, and Obsessive-compulsive Disorders, and Anti-social
Behavior,
etc.Slide4
Personality & temperament
…
Activity
Level (active vs. passive)
The proportion of active periods to inactive ones
Adaptability
The
ease with which a child adapts to changes in his environment
Approach/Withdrawal (introvert vs. extrovert or assertive vs. unsure)
The
response to a new object or person
Distractibility
The
degree to which extraneous stimuli affect behavior
Intensity of Reaction
The
energy of response regardless of its quality or direction
Quality of Mood Amount of time spent in friendly, pleasant, joyful behaviorPersistence/Attention Span The amount of time devoted to an activity and level of distractionRegularity/Rhythmicity (structured vs. disorganized) Regularity of hunger, excretion, sleep and wakefulnessSensory Threshold (calm vs. anxious) The intensity of stimuli required to evoke a discernible response
There are 9 identified traits that characterize ones temperament: Slide5
Personality & temperament
…
Jung identified a number of archetypes (typical examples) of personality. He suggested that this list
is not static or fixed. Instead, many different archetypes may overlap or combine at any given time. The following are just a few of the various archetypes that Jung described
:
The father: Authority figure; stern; powerful.
The mother: Nurturing; comforting.
The child: Longing for innocence; rebirth;
salvation
.
The wise old man: Guidance; knowledge;
wisdom
.
The hero: Champion; defender; rescuer.
The maiden: Innocence; desire; purity.
The trickster: Deceiver; liar; trouble-maker.Slide6
Personality & temperament
…
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
believed that a person's behavior is motivated by a desire to achieve success or superiority.
This
is often moderated by social environments
. According to his theory, all children feel inadequacies when compared to others. He coined the phrase
‘inferiority complex
’ to describe that concept. Although he did believe that personality
is influenced in large part by heredity and the environment, Adler believed that each person has his or her ability to create a distinct
personality in order to be successful and achieve full mental health.
Adler also theorized about
birth order and personality
. He
believed
the
order in which you are born to a family
affects
your personality. First born children enjoy excessive attention until younger siblings steal it, leaving them to have the greatest number of problems as they get older. Adler believed middle born children have a high need for superiority and are often able to seek it out through healthy competition. The youngest children get pampered and protected more than any other child did, which could leave them with a sense that he cannot take on the world alone and will always be inferior to others. Slide7
Personality & temperament
…
Building on the writings and observations of Jung during World War II,
Isabel Briggs-Myers
and her mother, Katharine C. Briggs, delineated personality types by constructing the
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
.
This model was later revised by David
Keirsey
with a different understanding from Jung, Briggs and Myers. He called his test the
Kiersey
Temperament Sorter
.
Gallup, Inc. is an American research-based group that is best known for conducting public opinion polls and then using the findings to consult with businesses, employers, political campaigns, etc.
They developed
the
Gallup Strengths
Assessment,
which some companies are using to help identify possible employees, with strengths that meet their needs.Slide8
Internet addiction…
Internet
Addiction, also known as
computer addiction, online addiction, or Internet addiction disorder (IAD),
can be categorized into 5 different areas…
Cybersex
Addiction
– compulsive use of Internet
pornography
, adult
chat rooms
,
fantasy sex, etc. Cyber-Relationship Addiction – addiction to social networking, chat rooms, texting, and messaging Net Compulsions – such as compulsive online gaming, gambling, stock trading, or use of online auction sites Computer Addiction – obsessive playing of off-line
computer games,
or obsessive computer
programming
.
Information
Overload
– compulsive web surfing or
database
searchingSlide9
Internet addiction…
Spending a lot of time
online or on the computer is defined as ‘an impulse control PROBLEM’
when it absorbs too much of your time, causing you to neglect your relationships, your work, school, or other important things in your life.
People become addicted to the internet to relieve unpleasant and overwhelming feelings. Risk
factors for
Internet or computer addiction include:
You
suffer from
anxiety, you’re depressed, you
have any other
addictions (such as drugs, alcohol, gambling, or sex), you
lack social
support, you’re
an unhappy
teenager (more so than other age groups), you’re
less mobile or socially active than you once
were, or you
are stressed. Slide10
Internet addiction…
Signs
and symptoms of Internet addiction vary from person to person.
There
are no set hours per day or number of messages sent that indicate
internet addiction, but there are some
general warning signs that
internet
use may have become a problem:
Losing
track of time
while online, having
trouble completing tasks at work or
home, increasing isolation
from family and
friends, feeling
guilty or defensive about your
internet use, or feeling
a sense of euphoria while involved in Internet activities. Internet or computer addiction can also cause physical discomfort such as: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (pain and numbness in hands and wrists), dry eyes or strained vision, back and/or neck aches, severe headaches, sleep disturbances, or pronounced weight gain/ loss. Slide11
Substance abuse
…
Young people use
drugs, including nicotine and alcohol,
for similar reasons that adults do – to change how they
feel,
because they want to feel better or different.
Reasons
may include
:
Relaxation or fun
Boredom
Curiosity
Socializing
with friends, peer pressure
or the
need to feel part of a group
To
escape from psychological or physiological pain.Adolescents are particularly susceptible to substance abuse due to their level of brain development and cognitive thinking. They are still developing the skills needed to make wise judgments, good decisions, and exercise self-control; they are risk takers and don’t thoroughly understand the relationship between actions and consequences; they experiment; they are heavily influenced by mass media and peers; they seek excessive stimulation. Slide12
Substance abuse
…
The
more risk factors an individual has, the greater the chance that taking drugs can lead to addiction.
Risk factors include:
Biology
- genetics, gender, ethnicity, and presence of other mental disorders
Social Environment
- influences of
family and
friends, socioeconomic status, quality
of life in
general,
peer pressure, physical and sexual abuse, stress, and quality of parenting
Age and
S
tage of Development
- critical
developmental stages in a person’s life affect addiction vulnerability; although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to more serious abuse. PREVENTION IS THE KEY.Slide13
Drug abuse
…
Illicit drug use includes the abuse of illegal drugs and/or the misuse of prescription medications or household substances.
These drugs
directly or indirectly cause a pleasurable increase in the amount of dopamine in the
brain. As
a person continues to abuse drugs, the brain adapts to the
drug-induced
surges in dopamine by producing
less dopamine of its own. This
decrease compels the addicted person to keep abusing drugs in an attempt to bring the dopamine function back to normal, but now larger amounts of the drug are required to achieve the same
euphoric dopamine
high—an effect known as tolerance
. Slide14
Drug abuse
…
Repeatedly
seeking to experience
that euphoric
feeling can lead to
addiction, a
chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her.
Effects experienced by abusing drugs range from heightened sensory perception, euphoria, weight loss, increased alertness and energy, and ability to sleep… to paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, memory loss, organ failure, tooth decay, weight gain, cognitive impairment, and death. Slide15
Drug abuse
…
Illegal drug use may include synthetic
cathinone
products (marketed as bath salts, phone screen cleaner, plant food, jewelry cleaner), club drugs (date rape drugs incl. ketamine,
rohypnol
, GHB), cocaine, hallucinogens (such as LSD and PCP), heroine, inhalants (such as spray paint, markers, glues, cleaning fluids) , marijuana and synthetic marijuana, MDMA (Ecstasy), methamphetamine, salvia, anabolic steroids, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs ( such as dextromethorphan found in cough and cold medications), and prescription drugs.
Commonly abused classes of prescription drugs include opioids for pain ( Vicodin,
Oxycontin
, Darvon), central nervous system depressants for anxiety and sleep
disorders (Xanax
, Valium), and stimulants for ADHD
and
narcolepsy (Ritalin, Adderall). Slide16
Alcohol use and abuse
…
It
is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. It is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes; however, the liver can only metabolize a small amount of alcohol at a time, leaving the excess alcohol to circulate throughout the body. The intensity of the effect of alcohol on the body is directly related to the amount consumed.
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor.Slide17
Alcohol use and abuse
…
Individual
reactions to alcohol vary,
and
are influenced
by factors such
as
: age, gender, race or ethnicity, weight, fitness level, amount of food consumed before drinking, how quickly the alcohol was consumed, use of drugs or prescription medications, and family history of alcohol problems.
Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease. Alcoholism is a diagnosable disease characterized by a strong craving for alcohol, and/or continued use despite harm or personal injury. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work.Slide18
Alcohol use and abuse
…
Binge drinking has become common among younger drinkers. A
single alcohol binge
may
cause bacteria to leak from the
intestines and
increase levels of bacterial toxins in the
blood.
Increased levels of these bacterial toxins, called endotoxins, were shown to
adversely affect
the immune
system. Binge
drinking
corresponds
to consuming
about 5
or more drinks for men, or 4 or more drinks for women, in
a 2 hour period. Drinking too much too quickly can affect breathing, heart rate, body temperature, gag reflex, and potentially lead to coma and death. This is known as ‘alcohol poisoning’.Slide19
Smoking
…
Cigarettes
and other forms of tobacco—including cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, and chewing tobacco—contain the addictive drug nicotine. Nicotine is readily absorbed into the bloodstream when a tobacco product is chewed, inhaled, or smoked.
Upon
entering the bloodstream, nicotine immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine stimulates the central nervous system and increases blood pressure, respiration, and heart
rate. Nicotine also increases brain levels
of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects the brain pathways that control reward and pleasure.
Long-term
brain changes
can
result in
addiction to nicotine.Slide20
Smoking
…
Nicotine
is
addictive, but does
not cause
cancer.
Tobacco smoke is a
mixture
of chemicals such as carbon monoxide, tar, formaldehyde, cyanide, and ammonia—many of which are
carcinogens (cancer-causing).
Carbon monoxide increases the chance of cardiovascular
diseases such as stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm.
Tar exposes the user to an increased risk of lung cancer, emphysema, and bronchial disorders
.
On average, adults who smoke die 14 years earlier than nonsmokers
.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States.
It kills more people than obesity, substance abuse, infectious disease, firearms, and traffic accidents, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Pregnant women who smoke cigarettes run an increased risk of miscarriage, stillborn or premature infants, or infants with low birth weight.. Slide21
Smoking
…
Secondhand, passive, or environmental smoke consists
of exhaled smoke and smoke given off by the burning end of tobacco products.
Inhaling secondhand
smoke
increases risk for disease, especially respiratory problems. Children
exposed to secondhand smoking are at an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, ear problems, and severe asthma.
Children
who grow up with parents who smoke are more likely to become
smokers.
People begin smoking for a variety of reasons: peer
pressure, social bond with other smokers,
they like the risk (adolescents
), parental influence, misinformation
(‘light’ cigarettes),
genetic predisposition,
advertising and other media influences,
self-medication (for stress), oral satisfaction, and to keep from over-eating or biting nails.Slide22
Eating disorders…
Eating disorders are mental health disorders falling under the headings of anxiety disorders or OCD… Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Obsessions are repetitive or persistent behaviors, thoughts, impulses, or images that are unwanted and cause anxiety or distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors (like throwing up after eating) or mental acts (like avoiding food). Eating disorders may be a combination of biological, behavioral, and social factors. An adolescent with an eating disorder is so preoccupied with food and weight that they can often focus on little else.
About 1 out of every 100 adolescent females and 1 in 1,000 adolescent males suffer from an eating disorder. Some teens may try to ‘be perfect’ or imitate cultural images. Others fear becoming overweight or suffer from depression, low self-esteem, feelings of emptiness, or feeling helpless and ‘out of control’.Slide23
Eating disorders…
2. Bulimia:
gross overeating
(binging) and then
purging (getting rid of)
the
food. Feeling disgusted and ashamed after overeating, bulimics try
to prevent weight gain by inducing vomiting or using laxatives, diet pills, diuretics, or enemas.
Stomach
acids from chronic vomiting can
cause: damage
to tooth
enamel, inflammation
of the
esophagus, swelling
of
salivary
glands in the
cheeks, and lower blood levels of potassium that can lead to dangerous, abnormal heart rhythms. 1. Anorexia: refusal to eat adequate calories out of fear of becoming fat. It can damage major organs, cause irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, and breathing rates, cessation of menstrual cycle, infertility, brittle hair and nails, and thinning of bones. It is fatal in about one out of every 10 cases, usually attributed to cardiac arrest, electrolyte imbalance, or suicide.The three main types of eating disorders are:Slide24
Eating disorders…
Overweight and obese
adolescents
are more likely to be bullied than their normal-weight
peers. 10
% of normal-weight
adolescents report
being bullied, compared to 15% of overweight and 23% of obese children. Obese teens are nearly 3 ½ times more likely to be excluded from group activities.
Long-term treatment addresses psychological issues. Treatments
include:
antidepressant medication, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, support groups.
3. Binge eating disorder:
a condition in which
a
person may gorge rapidly on food,
but does not purge.
The excess weight caused by binge eating puts the individual at risk of: heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes.Slide25
Adolescent obesity…
Over 1/3
rd
of adolescents are overweight or obese.
Adolescents
who are obese are likely to be obese as
adults,
and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and
osteoarthritis.
Obesity in adolescence can be attributed to:
Poor eating habits
Fast food diets
Overeating or binging
Lack of exercise
Family history of obesity
Medical illnesses
Medications
Stressful life events
Family and peer problemsLow self-esteemEmotional problems DepressionOverweight and obese adolescents are targets for bullying.Slide26
Gangs
…
The Omaha Police Department reports nearly 80 gangs in the city, with over 3,000 members. They
identify with gang names, colors, gang language or hand signs and a common philosophy. Some gangs will mark an area or neighborhood with graffiti to claim the territory for distribution.
The gangs pose gun, drug, and
violence problems for the city.
Some 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 1.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. Many are sophisticated and well organized; all use violence to control neighborhoods and boost their illegal money-making activities, which include robbery, burglary, drug and gun trafficking, fraud, extortion, and prostitution rings. Slide27
Gangs
…
Adolescents are the most likely age group to join gangs. The
prefrontal cortex of the brain is still developing, so cognitive skills involving judgment, decision-making, problem-solving and hypothetical thought are last to develop. They also struggle with identity, and want to be included by a social peer group. This can be especially true for minority teens. Gang
membership can enhance prestige or status among
friends. An adolescent is likely to have more freedom from parents than younger children.
Gangs provide
attractive opportunities
such as the chance for excitement, and making money
in selling
drugs or prostitution.
Protection
from other gangs and perceived
‘safety’
are key of minority youth serves to push them into gangs.Slide28
Gangs
…
family instability or from single parent homes
l
ow economic or poverty status
parents who are violent or gang-associated
sibling antisocial behavior
low
educational
aspiration
low commitment/attachment
to
school
high
levels of antisocial behavior
low
achievement test
scores and/or grades
the identity of being learning disabledassociating with law-violating peersearly use of alcohol and marijuanaprior delinquencyhyperactivityearly sexual activitybeing malehostility, aggression and rule breakingfeeling unsafe in your neighborhoodAn adolescent who is exposed to 7 or more risk factors by age 12 is most likely to join a gang. Risk factors include:Slide29
Juvenile delinquency…
Juvenile delinquency is defined as the habitual committing of criminal acts or offenses by a young person, especially one below the age at which ordinary criminal prosecution is possible (usually 18, but as early as age 14, depending on the nature of the crime). In Nebraska, community-based services and programs designed to work with youth who have committed a delinquent or criminal act and their families are overseen by the State Department of Health & Human Services.
There
are two youth correctional facilities in
Nebraska, for females
in Geneva and
for males
in Kearney.
The mission of the Youth Rehabilitation and Treatment Center is to provide individualized supervision, care, accountability, and treatment in a manner consistent with public safety to those youth in its care. Slide30
Juvenile
delinquency…
Youth treatment and rehabilitation plans provide for physical, emotional, religious, educational, and social development. They provide the youth with the following opportunities:
drug and alcohol
assessment/education/treatment
pre-vocational
exposure and training
mental health/social services
problem solving skills
education
social
skills
treatment for sexual trauma
recreation
spiritual development Slide31
Juvenile delinquency
…
Risk factors for juvenile delinquency:
Low
parental involvement
Low parental education and income
Parental substance abuse or criminality
Poor monitoring and supervision of children
Poverty
High level of transiency
Attention
deficits, hyperactivity or learning disorders
History of early aggressive behavior
Involvement with
gangs, drugs
, alcohol or tobacco
Low
IQ or poor academic performance
Poor behavioral control or emotional distressAssociation with delinquent peersAntisocial beliefs and attitudes or social rejectionExposure to violence and conflict in the familyHarsh, lax or inconsistent disciplinary practicesSlide32
Self-injury
…
Self-injury is not a suicide attempt, although it might look and seem that way. It's
difficult for many people to
understand; self-injury is an unhealthy way to deal with emotional pain, intense anger, or frustration. It is a secretive behavior, easily hidden under clothes. It tends to start around age 14. There is a higher incidence in females than males.
Forms
of
self-injury
include:
Cutting, usually on the arms, legs, or torso
Carving
words or symbols on the skin
Breaking bones
Hitting or punching
Piercing the skin with sharp objects
Head banging
Biting
Pulling out hair
Persistently picking at/interfering with wound healingBurning (with lit matches, cigarettes or hot sharp objects like knives) Slide33
Self-injury
…
Self-injury
may bring a momentary sense of calm and a release of tension
, but is usually
followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. And with self-injury comes the possibility of more serious and even fatal self-aggressive actions.
Because self-injury is often done impulsively, it can be considered an impulse-control behavior problem. Self-injury may be linked to a variety of mental disorders, such as depression, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. Slide34
Self-injury
…
Through self-injury, the person may be trying to:
Manage or reduce severe distress or anxiety and provide a sense of relief
Provide a distraction from painful emotions through physical pain
Feel a sense of control over his or her body, feelings or life situations
Feel
anything
, even if it's physical pain, when feeling emotionally empty
Express internal feelings in an external way
Communicate depression or distressful feelings to the outside world
Be punished for perceived faults Slide35
Depression…
Teen depression is a serious medical problem that causes a
persistent
feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how
the adolescent thinks
, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems.
Depression is a mood disorder with symptoms that ease
with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling.
It cannot be overcome with willpower. Slide36
Depression causes…
Chemical imbalance in the brain, hormones, inherited traits, early childhood trauma, or learned patterns of negative thinking. Also:
Having an
anxiety
or eating disorder
Having
few
friends/personal
relationships
Abusing
alcohol, nicotine or other
drugs
Having low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
Having
self-esteem issues such as obesity, peer problems, long-term bullying or academic
problems
Having a chronic medical illness such as cancer, diabetes or asthma
Having
been the victim or witness of physical/sexual abuse or violenceBeing a girl — depression occurs more often in females than in malesBeing gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender — becoming socially isolated or experiencing bullying may increase the risk of depressionSlide37
Agitation or restlessness
Use of alcohol or drugs
Exaggerated
self-blame or self-criticism
Poor school performance or attendance
Tiredness,
loss of
energy, insomnia or sleeping too much
Feelings
of
sadness and/or
crying spells for no apparent reason
Irritability, frustration or feelings of anger, even over small matters
Loss of interest or pleasure in normal
activities, family and friends
Feelings
of worthlessness, guilt, fixation on past failures
Trouble with memory, thinking, concentrating, decision-makingFrequent thoughts of death, dying, suicide, or grim futureChanges in appetite, dramatic weight loss or gainFrequent complaints of unexplained body aches and headachesNeglected appearance Disruptive or risky behaviorSelf-injury, such as cutting, burning, excessive piercing or tattooing
Depression symptoms…Slide38
Suicide
…
Adolescents
have trouble coping with the
stress
of
being
a teen,
such
as dealing with
rejection
, failure
, breakups
and family turmoil.
They lack brain development, maturity, and experience that would allow them to see
that they can turn their lives around — and that suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.
Many teens who attempt or commit suicide have a mental health condition or substance abuse problem. Slide39
Suicide
…
Factors
that increase the risk of teen suicide
include:
Having a psychiatric disorder, such as depression
A history of suicide attempts
Family
history of suicidal behavior
F
amily
history of mood disorder
H
istory
of physical or sexual abuse
Exposure to
violence, such
as being injured or
threatened with a weaponOther factors, when combined with the above, can also increase the risk, including: Access to means, such as firearmsUse of alcohol or drugsBecoming pregnantSocial isolationExposure to suicideLoss or conflict with close friends or family membersSlide40
Suicide warning signs
…
Talking
about or hinting at suicide
Talking
about or writing about death
Increased use of alcohol or drugs
Feeling purposeless or hopeless
Withdrawing from social contact
Mood swings
Changing normal routine, including eating or sleeping patterns
Acting recklessly or aggressively
Giving away belongings or getting affairs in order when there is no other logical explanation for why this is being done
Developing personality changes or being severely anxious or agitated
Unexplained cuts or burns caused by self-injurySlide41
Teen Pregnancy
…
About 8 out of 10
pregnancies among adolescents are either unplanned or occurred before the adolescents were ready to be
parents. One
in six (18%) 15-year-old
females in the U.S.
will give birth by her 20th birthday.
Abstinence
from sexual intercourse is the most effective way to prevent unplanned
pregnancies. In
order to avoid unplanned pregnancies, it is essential for adolescents who are sexually active to use effective
contraceptives every time they have sex. But only about 1/4
th
of teens use contraceptives the first time they have sex… because that would be an indication or admitting it was ‘planned’.
Out of all teen pregnancies, 57% end in birth.
Another 14% end in
miscarriage (self-abortion). 29
% end in abortion (medical termination).Slide42
Teen Pregnancy
Pregnant teens and their unborn babies have unique medical risks, so are considered high-risk pregnancies:
Lack of early prenatal care
No pre-pregnancy prenatal vitamins, increasing incidence of neural tube defects.
Higher risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia (dangerous
medical
condition combining high
blood pressure with excess protein in the urine… causes swelling and organ damage)
Higher risk of Caesarian section delivery, since pelvic
bones do not reach their maximum size until about the age of
18, and vaginal delivery is not possible
Babies of teen mothers have a higher mortality rate in the
first year of life
Higher
rates of premature
births and low birth-weight babies (under 5.5 pounds), increasing risk
of
digestive, respiratory
, vision, cognitive, and other problems.Slide43
Teen Pregnancy
…
Children
of teen parents have:
Poorer cognitive and educational outcomes, such as a lower likelihood of completing high school and lower test
scores; more
behavioral problems, including higher levels of fighting, delinquency, and early sexual experience;
a
nd poorer
health outcomes, such as a low birth weight
. They are not being raised by mature adults with experience in good decision-making.
Statistically, adolescents
who have a baby are less likely to finish high school,
more
likely to be poor as adults, and
more
likely to rely on public assistance than those who do not have a
teen birth. Social circles change, and there is a higher risk of post-partum depression. The majority of adolescent mothers live with one of their parents.Slide44
Teen fathers…
Eight
out of 10 teen dads don’t marry the mother of their child.
Only 1 in 5 mothers receive child support from
a
teen
father, statistically less than $800 annually.
Teen fathers earn 10 to 15 percent less annually
(life-long) than
men who wait to have children.
Teen dads are less likely to finish high school than their peers.
Teen fathers are more likely to get involved with criminal behavior, including alcohol and drug abuse.
Children who don't live with their fathers are five times more likely to be poverty-stricken than children with both parents at home.
Unmarried fathers have
rights and responsibilities concerning custody, visitation and child
support until the child is 18, but they will need to take
legal action to obtain these rights and responsibilities
.Slide45
Adolescent accidents
…
There are almost twice as many deaths in the first year of life than there are in the next 13 years total. Then, the death rate rises rapidly following puberty because of the
top 3 causes of death: deadly
accidents, homicides, and
suicides. Automobile accidents account for the largest number of accidental deaths, followed by drowning, fire, falls, and poisoning.Slide46
Adolescent auto accidents…
Teens
drivers tend
to underestimate dangerous situations or not be able to recognize hazardous situations
.
Teen drivers
are more
likely
to speed and allow shorter
distances between their car and the one in front of them. Male drivers and the
presence of
teenage
passengers increases the likelihood
of
risky driving
behavior.
Among adolescent male drivers involved in fatal accidents, over 1/3rd are speeding and 1/4
th
have been drinking. Compared with other age groups, teens have the lowest rate of seat belt use.Half of teen deaths from motor vehicle crashes occurred between 3 p.m. and midnight and over half occur on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.Newly licensed drivers are at a higher risk among teen drivers.Slide47
Adolescent accidents
…
Adolescents may be more accident prone. This could be a physical, emotional, or social issue. Influential factors:
Teens tend to be impulsive, stressed, and easily distracted, which could lead to accidents.
Some are pushing themselves physically, in order to excel in sports, etc. This can lead to poor judgment, over-extending themselves, and sports injuries.
S
ome teens deal with growth spurts that leave them feeling clumsy and uncoordinated… and prone to accidents.
Adolescents are risk takers.
Adolescents imagine that they are the center of attention, and that everyone is watching them. This causes some teens to take more risks, in order to impress their peers. Slide48
Bullying
…
Bullying
includes harassment, physical harm, repeatedly demeaning speech and efforts to ostracize another person. Bullying is active, and is done with the intention of bringing another person down.
There
are different kinds of bullying:
Physical bullying
: domination by
kicking, punching and other physically harmful activities, designed to instill fear
or
coerce
the victim
to do something.
Verbal bullying
: using
demeaning language to tear down another's
self-image; teasing, belittling, and using sarcasm to hurt the other person's feelings or humiliate them in front of others. Emotional bullying: often subtle; aimed at getting someone else to feel isolated, alone and depressed. Electronic or cyber bullying: using instant messaging, cell phone text messages and online social networks to humiliate and embarrass others. Slide49
Bullying
…
Nearly
30 percent of teenagers in the U.S. have been involved in bullying, either as a bully or as a victim of
bullying.
Effects of teenage bullying:
Obvious
physical problems and injuries that can result from physical bullying.
Emotional
, verbal and cyber bullying can deeply affect
teens, leading to depression, suicide,
drug
use, isolation,
and
long-term stunted
social development.
In
some cases, bullied teens have
violently reacted to their tormentors in retaliation. Slide50
Bullying
…
Why
Do People Bully?
In a culture
fascinated with winning, power, and
violence, bullying is an acceptable way of getting what you want.
If
the
home
, the school, or
the workplace
does not have high standards for the way people treat each other, then bullying may be more
likely.
Mass media promotes a lack of personal and social skills, and turns them into comedy and reality TV.
Home environments that are not warm and loving, that don’t encourage sharing of feelings, or one in which discipline
and monitoring are inconsistent
are perfect for raising bullies.
Children who experience social rejection or academic failure themselves are more likely to "pass it on" to others. Some people bully others to have power. Slide51
Adolescents holding jobs
…
Many youth begin paid employment by age 12 in their own neighborhoods, shoveling snow, mowing yards, babysitting, and doing odd jobs. By age 16 they may have more formal jobs, working in fast food restaurants, in retail and service sectors, and grocery stores.
Researchers across disciplines have studied adolescent employment, including psychologists, sociologists, and economists. There appears to be pros and cons to that employment.
Youth themselves report that employment is good for them, citing the acceptance of responsibility, development of time-management skills, overcoming shyness with adults, and handling money. Employment makes them feel more like adults. Slide52
Adolescents holding jobs
…
Parents appear to support the idea of their adolescent children holding jobs. While the minority of teens give their earnings directly to their parents, they do use their money for clothes, food, gas, music, and more expensive leisure activities. Some save a portion of their earnings for larger purchases or college. In the long run, they do help their family economics by financing some of their own needs and activities.
Critics of adolescents holding jobs point out the fact that teens working long hours at a job tend
to
have lower
school performance, lower career aspirations, are less likely to go to college, associate at work with adults in entry level jobs who might not value education, drink
and smoke more, and exhibit more behavioral problems. Slide53
Adolescents holding jobs
…
Educators complain that teens often work too many hours at jobs. They come to school tired, have poorer academic performance, don’t have enough time for homework or to meet with teachers after school for extra help, have higher absenteeism and dropout rates, and avoid extracurricular activities.
The key to successful teen employment appears to be a healthy balance between school, work, and family, as well as money management advice, including the importance of saving.
Teens entering adolescence and high school with strong academic interests and goals tend to work fewer hours than those who express less interest in school and school activities. These students tend to be from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, and schedule work around school, extracurricular activities, and family events. Slide54
Body art…
One of the most visible signs of changing cultural norms
for
today's adolescents has been the movement of
body
art into the mainstream. Once considered a mark of a rebel or outcast, tattoos and numerous body piercings have become very common, almost a rite of passage for teenagers.
The adolescent concepts of ‘personal fable’ and ‘imaginary audience’ are strongly supported by a teen’s expression through
body art. Teens
use body art for social bonding with a peer group, identity formation, or to commemorate a friend or loved one. They view tattoos and body piercings as true beautification. Slide55
Body art…
Body art has some correlation to
at-risk
teens,
with some studies reporting a significant relationship between piercing and substance abuse
.
Other studies of high school youth have found that tattooing was significantly
associated
with other high-risk behaviors, including sexual intercourse, binge drinking, smoking, marijuana use, gang membership, truancy, and school
failure. Among college students, this frequency of high-risk behavior did not exist.
Since adolescent brain development involving judgment, decision-making, and understanding of consequences may not yet be fully developed, teens may not understand that some careers/professions would not be suited to visible body art. It could stand in the way of some jobs or honors.Slide56
Body art…
Piercing, tattooing, and
guaging
can
cause a variety of adverse reactions, depending on body part. Tongue piercing may cause damage to teeth and gums, including dental fractures and changes in mastication and speech. Permanent nerve damage can occur with piercing of any body part, as can scarring, rejection,
and
possible keloid formation. The possibility for transmission of hepatitis and HIV
also exists
.
Another form of body art is
"gauging," which is the insertion of progressively larger circular discs into the
pinna of the ear,
resulting in a larger and larger opening that can be filled with objects ranging from corks to coins.Slide57
Ethnic and racial identity…
In 1992, Jean S.
Phinney
developed the 3-stage theory of ethnic development:
1. Unexamined ethnic identity – characterized by a lack of interest or exploration; general acceptance of others opinions
2. Ethnic identity search – starts to think about, research, and develop an ethnic identity, often due to a harsh or indirect event
3. Ethnic identity achievement – individuals have a clear sense of their ethnic identity, and can navigate their bicultural identity
The adolescent compares themselves to others in and out of their peer groups, and discover their similarities and differences. Ethnic identity represents the values of the culture, ethnic, or racial group to which the person belongs. A minority teen may find their ethnic standards and values contradict those of majority peers. Slide58
Ethnic and racial identity…
Teenagers who are members of ethnic/racial minorities are the most vulnerable to cultural conflicts.
They may be ‘stereotyped’: a widely-held but over-simplified image or idea of a particular type of person.
They may be the target of ‘prejudice’: a preconceived opinion or bias that is not based on reason, fact, or actual experience.
They may experience ‘discrimination’: unjust
or prejudicial treatment of
various
categories of people
on the grounds of
ethnic background, race
, age, or sex
.Slide59
Ethnic and racial identity…
Ethnic identity refers to ‘country of origin’, religious origin, where your ancestors lived, etc. Examples: American, Canadian, German, Irish, Chinese, Jewish, Christian, Muslim, etc.
Racial identity may be the same as ethnic identity, but includes definite phenotypes: observable characteristics of an individual, such as skin color, hair type and color, eye shape, etc. Examples: Black, Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, etc.
Children become aware of their ethnic/racial differences, but maturing adolescents express
pride in their heritage and
comfort in their
sense of belonging to
a group. An acceptance and appreciation of diversity and all cultural differences is the key to avoiding conflict and being respectful of all people as individuals. Slide60
Sexual orientation…
Sexual orientation is part of the identity ‘crisis’ of adolescence, and is a term frequently
used to describe a person’s romantic, emotional or sexual attraction to another person. A person attracted to another person of the same sex is said to have a homosexual orientation and may be called gay (both men and women) or lesbian. Individuals attracted to persons of the other sex are said to have a heterosexual orientation.
Individuals
who are attracted to both men and women are said to be bisexual.
Same
sex behavior has always
existed; it is not a mental illness. Reasons for it are still unknown. Sexual
orientation
does develop
across a person’s lifetime. Individuals maybe become aware at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual.Slide61
Sexual orientation…
“Coming out” is the term used to describe
the
experience in which a person
identifies
himself or herself as gay, lesbian or bisexual. Fears and misunderstandings about
homosexuality
present
challenges
to the development and maintenance of a
positive self-image
in gay,
lesbian
and bisexual
persons
and often to
their
families as well. “Homophobia” is a term
that refers to the irrational fear and prejudice against homosexual persons. Hate crimes are prevalent. Gay and lesbian adolescents are often taunted and humiliated in their school settings. Many professional persons and employees in all occupations are still fearful of identifying as gay or lesbians in their work settings. Some states are now legally recognizing gay rights and marriages. Slide62
Appearance…
The concepts of egocentrism and imaginary audience may be illustrated best by an adolescent’s appearance. The teenager is very conscious of how others view them. They believe they are on display for everyone to see. It is important that they dress and groom themselves in a manner acceptable to their peer group.
In
a typical
week,
the average
adolescent spends more than 40 hours with some
form of
mass
media. As they are confronted
with
bombarded with
the stylish and popular
cultural
icons, the adolescent struggles to establish their OWN style and identity. They revise their look to duplicate the ideal appearance they and their peer group admire. It is important to them to appear ‘up to date’ with fashion trends or to be deliberately ‘retro’, not old-fashioned.Slide63
Appearance…
Adolescent choices in appearance might include:
Clothing fashions
Accessories
Hair styles
Nail art
Body art
Shoe styles
Cosmetics
Skin tones, etc.Slide64
Adolescent Challenges
The End