John Cook Climate Literacy and Environmental Awareness Network Date 4 April 2012 http sksto iphone http sksto iphone http sksto iphone http sksto iphone One Model of the Human Brain ID: 170094
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Slide1
Myth Debunking
John Cook
Climate Literacy and Environmental Awareness Network
Date: 4 April 2012Slide2Slide3Slide4
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iphoneSlide6
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iphoneSlide7
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iphoneSlide8
One Model of the Human BrainSlide9
A More Accurate Model
of the Human BrainSlide10
Familiarity
Backfire Effect
Debunking a myth can reinforce the myth in people’s
minds
(Schwarz et al
2007)Slide11
Familiarity Backfire EffectSlide12
Familiarity Backfire EffectSlide13
Danger,
Will Robinson!
Approaching
myth!Slide14
The Overkill Backfire Effect
A simple myth is more cognitively attractive than an over-complicated
correction
(
Schwarz et al 2007)Slide15
The Overkill Backfire Effect
A simple myth is more cognitively attractive than an over-complicated
correction
(
Schwarz et al 2007)Slide16
“I didn’t have time
to write a short letter,
so I wrote a long one instead.”
MARK TWAINSlide17
Issues that tie in with worldviews and sense of identity
The Worldview Backfire EffectSlide18
Issues that tie in with worldviews and sense of identity
Republicans who believed Saddam Hussein was linked to 9/11 were shown evidence that there was no link (Prasad et al 2009)
The Worldview Backfire EffectSlide19
Issues that tie in with worldviews and sense of identity
Republicans who believed Saddam Hussein was linked to 9/11 were shown evidence that there was no link (Prasad et al 2009)
The Worldview Backfire Effect
Only 2% consciously changed their mindSlide20
Attitude bolstering: bring supporting facts to mind, ignoring contrary facts
Issues that tie in with worldviews and sense of identity
Republicans who believed Saddam Hussein was linked to 9/11 were shown evidence that there was no link (Prasad et al 2009)
The Worldview Backfire Effect
Only 2% consciously changed their mindSlide21
The Worldview Backfire Effect
Strongest among those fixed in their views. Efforts best targeted
towards
undecided majoritySlide22Slide23
The Worldview Backfire Effect
Strongest among those fixed in their views. Efforts best targeted
towards
undecided majority
Messages can be framed to
affirm
worldview. Conservatives accepted climate science with nuclear
power
(
Kahan
et al 2007)Slide24
Another psychological pitfallSlide25
Create a GapSlide26
Fill the GapSlide27
Elements to an Effective Debunking
Create a gap with the facts
Fill the gap with an alternative explanationSlide28Slide29
“Fight sticky ideas with stickier ideas.”Slide30
The Curiosity GapSlide31
Generate curiosity by opening gaps in their knowledge then filling those gaps
The Curiosity GapSlide32
Debunking Method
Create a gap with the facts
Fill the gap with an alternative explanationSlide33
Debunking Method
Create a gap to generate curiosity
Fill the gap with answers to questions
Generating Curiosity
Create a gap with the facts
Fill the gap with an alternative explanationSlide34
Case Studies of Debunking in Classroom
“
Agnotology
as a Teaching Tool: Learning Climate Science by Studying Misinformation”
(Bedford 2010)Slide35
Case Studies of debunking in classroom
“The Effect of Refuting Misconceptions in the Introductory Psychology Class”
(Kowalski & Taylor 2009)
“
Agnotology
as a Teaching Tool: Learning Climate Science by Studying Misinformation”
(Bedford 2010)Slide36Slide37
“…the earth quit warming and now we may be in a cooling cycle.”
DANA ROHRABACHER
Example of a DebunkingSlide38Slide39Slide40
Core Fact
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
ExplanationSlide41
Core Fact
Our planet is building up heat at a rate of 2 Hiroshima bombs per second.
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
ExplanationSlide42
Core Fact
Our planet is building up heat at a rate of 2 Hiroshima bombs per second.
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
Explanation
The cooling myth focuses on a small piece of the puzzle while ignoring the full pictureSlide43
Core Fact
Our planet is building up heat at a rate of 2 Hiroshima bombs per second.
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
Explanation
The cooling myth focuses on a small piece of the puzzle while ignoring the full picture
Short periods where global temperatures cooled slightly prove global warming has stopped.Slide44
Core Fact
Our planet is building up heat at a rate of 2 Hiroshima bombs per second.
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
Explanation
The cooling myth focuses on a small piece of the puzzle while ignoring the full picture
Short periods where global temperatures cooled slightly prove global warming has stopped.
Surface temperature jumps up and down because heat sloshes around between the ocean and atmosphere.
Nevertheless, the planet continues to build up heat.Slide45
Core Fact
Explicit Warning
Myth
Alternative
ExplanationSlide46
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