ED 236637AUTHORTITLEslUB DATENdTEPUBTYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORSIDENTMER - PDF document

1 ED .236637AUTHOR/.TITLE..slUB DATENdTE.P
ED .236637AUTHOR/.TITLE..slUB DATENdTE.PUB;TYPE'.EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORSIDENTMERS'-.ABSTRACT-DOCIAIEN.T, RESUME,Richolson, TomAn Assessment of.the'Effects of DifferentError Typeson Undprstanding,ot Connected 1?,iscourse.It77\.-19p.; FroM'author's Ph.D. dissertation;University °ofMinnesota. Fqr related documents,see CS 207,x904 -945.AFTests/Evaluation InstumenC\s (160).SS 207-91?MF01/PCQ1 Plus Postage'.Elementary g'ducationr'Error Analysis(Language);, *Error Patterns; Measures`(Individuals); OralReading; *Reading Comprehension;'ReadingDiagnosis";Reading Processes; *.Serhantics; Simulation.'*TheiReseach InstrumentsProject'NCc..Designed,tolanalyze systematically the relative---,.effects of different typeof oral readingrs on comprehension',,this instre.nt consistsof -abasic seC(eachith aeasyand a.hard/..-version)six stories. Every'storybic transformedso ,,that it..containsmulatederrors:df. a particular type':(1) correct,(2).relatedsemanticallrelated visuallyunrelated,l'qrsemantieally'unreleted.visually related,(4) semantically and ileuallyunrelated,(5.4- no.,response, and (6). mixed simulate type. 'After reedingeach story,:subjects answer' six cloze-typequestionvtAndtwo adtitional questions/designed to test-inferential comprehension,(This document is one ofthose fevieWed ill The Research Instruments ProjeCt(TRIP), monograph"Measuresfor Research arid Evaluation in the EnglishLanguage Arts, '4PVolutne.2," published bythe Committee on *search of the NationalCouncil of Teadhers of Engligh'in-cooperatignwith the ERIC.-..,Clearinghouse on Readingand CommunicatfonSkills.The TRIP review,v---'i

2 ncluded here-asan introduction to thelin
ncluded here-asan introduction to thelinstrument, describes'the.instrument's category (reading),'title,author,.date,.agerange.(primary, *per eltmentary),qourpose, elmal,physicAcharacteristics.)-v6__---L-1---,.°%10/"'N1,14,Sc,********************************* 2****** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *******-Reproductions supplied.by EDRSare the best that can be madefrom ''the original document'*******************************t**********t****************************A .,17 'c,trtyta"&'An.Assessment of the Effects of DifferentError- Types on. Understanding of Connected DiscOurse.,The measurement insftrumentscontailnedin this docudent have beenreviewed in a'monograph-lcited below) edited byP. Fagan, Charles Cooer, and Julie'Tenden, for The ResearchInstruments PrOjec(TRIP),;and funded bY'a,grant from4theTrustees of the NCTE8esearchPoundation44,,I4fieAi%.Measures for Research and Evaluationin theEnglish Language ArtsVolume IIL,Thepurpose of the editors -bas beento select and-review measurementinstruments pertaining to.allaspec,ts of research andevaluationin theEnglish language arts,eig..language and 1.nguagedevelopment, literacy,.literature-, reading.(intcludingcpmOrehension, teacher-pupilinteraction, etc.);writing,'and teacherkeowledgesand attitups.In order to make some of theactual instruments reviewed morereadily available, the ERICClearinghouseon Reading and-CommunicationSkills (ERICJRCS)_has_alopersted-with-theeditois-by processingseldctedinstruments into the ERICsystem (see.the 42documents assItgned Clearinghouseaccession numbers CS 207/904-.945).V'U.S. DEPA

3 RTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSITUTE OF
RTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSITUTE OF EDUCATIONEDUPATIO.NAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER fERICIX This document hps beln reproduced 5%.,,received from the person or organizationoriginating it.Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality,.zr Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocu-Ant dO nor necessarilyrepresent official NIE'Position or poli ;y."PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BYTom NicholgonTO THE EDUCIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).". .4. r-Catego,ry:Title:Author:ReadingI1.n AsSessment,of the gfeCts of Differenti'Error,Types onUnderstanding of Connected-Disoomrse'.:"L.Toth .NicholsonAgaRange:Primary,upperelementary'Description of the Instrument:4°-Purpose'To analyse. systematically the relativieilectsocl,fferent types oforal reading errorson comprehension...0-Date of Construction:1917/Description:This instiument,was considered unique.in that it allows for: investigatingeffects ov compre-hension of five factoa, frequentlyTeviewedin,the litera-ture:error type (here referred to as "simulate type");,'set Strength, passage difficulty,. error rate, and acce4..totext.The instrument consisted of a basic setwithan easy and hard version) :of six stories.EVery.story was,transformed so that it cont ad.ned simulated errors ofa par-NLtitular type: °correCt (CORR),semantic'ally7related visuallyunrelated(SRVU)Isemantical4unrelated.visualayrelated(SUVR), semanlialiy:and visually unrelated (SUVUno7reg9donse-(NOW, and the mixed. simulate Cype version (NIX)..TXere was a high, rate condition it .whioh 151ofthe nodns werereplaced by dIfferent,simula

4 te typee,'wherehs '6'Were So'replaced in
te typee,'wherehs '6'Were So'replaced in the low rate condition:In each.stoTy, setstrength-Was established by repeating all nominals withcomprehension lorpries, in their cdrrect:form at leastonce..The high set strength canditiorias establishedby firstrepeating the target word,in_lia_carrPctfarm-later-finpassage; and then using the correct forMa second tithe as/part of a tit e for thksiory.This theeader Was given,two appropria e cues to ther-treIl meiiing of the initi 1simulate. 'Irhlow seiStrength condiyion,-the no"mi,being tested we 'e only peated once in t1-1.passage'in theircorrect form. After-rding.each story,. the subjectsanswered six cloze-ty. ques'ticonstituents), and two .diti, al questiOs designedto testi5ferential Comprehensionxamples at'e given below of antr-original story, easy in'difficulty, in high set strengthcondition, and semantically related visually unrelated.(SRVU)and semantically unrelated visually related (SUVR)versions.atit1a01s'f r-. ,..S.....,...The newspaper,.thethe home', and the money-, One day RU9sell and his friendTillothy were'playingafterschool.Finally ;key decided togo -home... They walked*-,along thq edge o-fa high wall.Then they juroped over a..f enice.Then they startgd walking backwards.,Beceuse hecouldn't see where he was going, Russell bumped intoMr :1ZAnder' s - news s't and.He knocked, his money 'boxbox of f the..11.Icounter.Thq' money rolled all over the road'.Mr" Zinderstarted yelling.He waj waving a newspaper'wilaly in. thy'.air.The boys ,ran, off, jurred a neuarby fence', andwenthome.Now bothsboys avoid buying a Ykewspaper from Mr..tiAn

5 er ' s newsstand.'t-...r.-II:,,Thp 'news
er ' s newsstand.'t-...r.-II:,,Thp 'newspaper, the home and-the money-a4,'One time., itussell and his playinate Timothy,were playing.-:after class.Finally they decided to go cabin.They...,walked, along the side of a high ledge. -.Then they jumpedover aThen th47-' starteoRwalking backwards .0'Because he couldn't see where he was going, .FtusA-ell°I'bumpedinto Mr. Zinder's table., He knocked his moneyco-..:case ,off thel table.TI;te coins roli,ed-all over the street..Mr.. indercartedyzlling.` Hedwas wavinga magazinewildly in tilde sky.The students ran off, jumped a nearbytiefence, an4 went holie.Npw both boys avoid having to buy-......4.aA'newspaper from Mt. Zinder's newsstand.s2.4qrq'.,.1./jy-1The newspaper, the home and tie moneyi..4am, Russell and his frog Timothy were playing pfter.4.-).i.%_One dporA.---F-iria-1-1-ythey---d-e-c-i-dedthorse./'They walked...1----ialong the egg' of a high'wave.Then they jumped over a-.,,face.Then thy started walking backwards.Because he,-.-..couldn't- see wlate hewas goinfg, Russell bumped_ intoMr..'..,Zinder's nonsense.%He knocked .his money boo t of f thecradle.The mountains railed all o$er the rope.Mr.'a...1'Zinder start4 yelling.He was waving a neighbou'rwildly in the ant.The books ran off, jumped a n4a.,;-byfence and'went home.Now 'Both_ boys -avoid having to buya newspaper 'from Mr. -Zinder''s newsstand.e)4Validity, Reliab1.4., and Normative Data::..:....''t,,,In order to asAss the influence of various factorsonP. .comprehension it was 'decided to experimentally simulate thes6factors, in 'reading but 'in a way which is amenableto rigorolts-s

6 tatistical analysis,k.j;l.n ,thiA design
tatistical analysis,k.j;l.n ,thiA design,a number of stories,wer&transformed so as to simulate the readingenvirpnmentin which the unskilled. reader finds him/hvitrself whenanswer-1ing comprehenslon questions..The transformristorieswerei..then givendAto proficient readers who tried* 'to, readandpi_r4' 'I'.01 -A.0eI.c...S',...and understan.ek the anomalous Material.In .a'' sense,'theproficient readers were reqtaired tbcomplete certSiln. corn-prehension tasks vin an environment 'similar tbthat facgdby beginning readers.'*r,*...Certain steps .guided the selAction of the stories'.Each'story ha& to be 100 words in'T,Icength',' with-only fifteen-r-.---nominals for each ,story.Ohly narrative type stories,'..involving ,a 'chain of causal events leadingto some kind, of resolutionAiwere included...story was .plassifiedas either easy or hard.tution:the 'high raversion (15)'wThen each story 'wenrough eacharrate of gimulatesubstitution:'and, the low rate (6). -Then ti-'story was transformed tocorrespond to each bf the simulate-types.The classificationscheme3evisedi fo,r generating the artificial errortypes.,(simulans) was, based on ehe interaction of-twa 'factors\t,.assumedto bg independent:visual reatures-, and semantic.characterikics of words.J:11e J.nteractioncan be represented*\/13y a 2x2 table, *where wordscan be, classified according to-their 'degree of visual and semantic: relatednei'dto the target.word.*'',.)..'.7 \r..,Semantic Relation1' Related'Unrelated.$Vj,sualc.elationRelatedUnreratedhtiusesoho se.r..cottage.'applet *,lbd0.,1Three general_constraints andaix specific. constraintswe

7 re.71,specified for the. selction of. ea
re.71,specified for the. selction of. each simulatetype -.(Nichol.oson, '.,, .60-62)-,11-ii _addition-,f our-ounstralints-v-e-respecItied (p .'66).%for formulating response ,choices for theinferential questions.'Finally,IFinally, ten 'levels ,::,f- semantic appropriatenesswere definedfor classifying responses to the cloz'items (81-84),and -afive level scale was dev4:sed, for scoring'-responses to -inference'questions (85).1,-'1e4..11I .%assumed.It wasssumed that' since the cate7to-r-,+. 'eswere highly specificandfStriktlytOefined, reiial;ilityof. classification of responseswould behigh..In- order to 'strengthen the reliability; or the.classification system, the analyseswere carried' out-On twolevels from more brodly based to speci 'ficmeasures..I.Related Documents:AI-(Nicholson, Tom.The relative effects of d ffer;-,nterror typeson understanding o'f connected discqurse.npubiished doctoraldissertation.The University of Ninnesoka, 1977A-.. ,t.4..An 'Assessment or tne ttrects of4,-,Differerlt Error Types on0*Un de rp tYn d ng °of Connected,lfbiscourse"-r4".4--41,I)1APPEP,TXA,-Storlesa_nd Iratisforma#ons%4%An.., gym, c,1,,i*a.! I/.I'1.!1.1\S..IIt 0'AA Guide to the StoriVs and TheirTrgnsfornations194.The following, summary, pagesincIuSe the original" 'versions of allti.lve stories', the' simulate types used to replace'the-underlined-) nominals ; and the comprehension. probes used to tent understanding.Tpe summary data for the. story transSormations areprovidedinstead of all 144 transformed stories in order tq nrovidd. thereader.. .v:44 a concise ,overvie0'af'whit was done, as well ass4

8 ffircient data to completely replicate t
ffircient data to completely replicate the story trangorMations,.,_.if necessary%, ,.---I..'..',When reading eitchsUmmary page., the follo-A.ng Should be .Repk. in..-.rand:LrI . j'''4i,.,A.1. 1.The(1)asterisk indicates those simulate types usedthe:low rate (six per cent) of, simulate substitution verbn.Theasterisk not only rdfers to the CORK'simulate, yPe but all'- those, simulatetypes used to replace that_particula:rnO4nar..,..The ,underlined nomina1s kin the original story areall used inthe *fiftedn:D er cent rate of simulatesubstitution condition.In the six per cent condition only the underlined.nopinal,which -are, also etteriskedvare used..,'....The -procedUres for generating alllevels of all Sactors.,areie,?cplainedin Chapter, 3 rocedUres in the Development of1NaterialS).,.6Lr', ***46".4n,1Original:Story With Target Nominals Underlified4$PThs:bedthestan........d.theaamiasOne night,was in bed. I heard someone come in my room.` chatsomeoneyou sant to b1 a real astronaut?`. Well, hop out.of bed, and go out the back door."So I Went, with jpst mya amas on. thesome words were said, and I whizzed, upwardsf r a /ong time.At last I saw the man in the moon.He said:"That's a ric1 7-it you have.""Pajamas are not a su4t", Isaid:7'v..ts: how I could get back o earth.Soon, arocket.laiuThkasironaut-in the rocket said he wouldtaks me to ar'':rmit.%'1Matrix of SlImilase%222soReplace Target Nominal,-.._CORR'.SRVUSUVUNONEKIX1I...mighteveningnote'1..beans.,,,beans*bed"colOb..'laddera ladder*someoneparso6beefsorrowlantern.-,!Wm.placeroofsnail.assemblywhisky.-assemblyroofc----7 *astronautspacemand

9 oorgatedirtfrostgate-*pajamainight-shirt
oorgatedirtfrostgate-*pajamainight-shirtpancakescharcoal..0 vordisymbolswartsstringtime_period/idecreek- .*-periodmanperson'%atbagbag'moor:"satellitemouthmouth )ziyult/earthgarmentland.::rgre.-barnloglog*socket.capspleribbon(..4.straweaglebearcapsulehomecotta'henmail!cottage/.IComprehension Probes0-Exolicitly Dependental. Soon alanded.2. I was-in3. that's a niceyou have.4. So I went, with just my-on.5. Z heard6. Do you want' to be a realInferential7. Why did he go out the back door?A. He wanted to be an astronaut11. He wanted, to work in the'gardenC. He could not sleepD. He was looking for his pajamasaJ8. Why vas he wearing his pajamas?1 )44AOriginal StorvvWithTargetNdhinals Underlined4'The newspaper, thehome, and the moneytiPA.One IAA, Itusselland,hietr endTimothyvere,playing.Ater school.Finally they decided,to gome.,They walked aloni the.edge of ahigh wall. Thentheijumpedver a fenc?hen' they started:vking' backwards. Because hecouldn't e'there hives going.,sell bumped into,Mr.Zinder's netmtand.e knohiveshis moneyleiscoff the ;ounter. Thewoneyrolled all'over he igait..Kr.Zinderstarted yelling. He was waving anewspaper wildly lio,the air. Thekds ran off, jumped a nearbyfence and vent home- Hawboth boysavoid havir to, buy a newspaperfrom Mr. Zinder's newstand...-.'PstCORRdayfriendschoolhomeagew 1cb`standboxcountermoneyroad*niwspapes'air"*boys*fa*Mari* of Simulate Types toReplaceTarget NoMinals,SRVtTSUVR'SUVUaim_IllaymateclasscabinsideledgebarrkorAblecase.table..coinsstrutpagatinebkystudentsfenlicitly DependentJ1.,Finally theYdecided.tngorolled all ovet.3:.1 Then.therjumped-oVer7a-

10 4.Ne wee:waving a., damechopfroglitlamps
4.Ne wee:waving a., damechopfroglitlampscratch' berryt;''horsebrushegggatevalve,dwarfface4shotnonsenseflowers.hootcartcradle/pearmountains,applerope4 -neighbor:broodant:..Analbooksrice.Comprehension FrObes.5. Russell bumped intolir. Zinder's6. Theran, off..,4I ferential-._.. Whydid Mr. Zitider startyelling?A. Re vas bitten byanlinsect.A. RA vas-angry atthe boys.C.is money had beenstolen.D..Someolrried to jump onhim.f.Whi,,vas money rolling all over theroad?%a.1. NONEMIXclass ,.ridedwarf.14flowerscase"pear'mountainsbropmant.student;\7 , �.11,0I`s -' Original Story WithTeirgeeNo =inns UnderlinedThe pots ; the .boxes,and thegardesas;Henry lived on thefirst floor of anapet=ent houie. ',Infront .:as abig garde:14. Henryhad planted tulipburoi in the garden.But, sone 'wereleft, so be putthen in abaskei., He lookedup at hisbuilding.Therelise_ruwar window boxes onthe second'floOr.He carried the basketaupstairt.He knocked on Mrs.Black's door:"Would yeu like sonehu..11bs?"She barine,Nindow boxes,but said:"I'll put theol. in Pots onthe windos.-sill."She' even used a teapot.With lots of water and sun,they grew.4._in the poti.: Firstpeen leave 84then red.c..',Matrix ofSate Tyoet to Rer_ace Tnr,et No=inals.197ICCRRSEM,SUn,..SU'r..1.1..,.iillooilevel,flourLealrhousecabinhorse-'..--Yrec4'gardenorchagoldfish '''''''.7de'rilbulbs''seedsbirds'.=ice.basketefadlebttroon'custard,buildinghouse,bullet'Ater'',boxesgratesbones.,lip.z.chesdoorgate /'bill.41,121.4bowls r.-c.(74.-:: Asillkedge.slit.beardteapotkettleto=at,o=hey' aterdropswhistle'.cattle,I- supheat..,soak..^deck.leavispetals ''to es, vec

11 i-.' tulipsflowers.1.=.-ellstf swizz &.'
i-.' tulipsflowers.1.=.-ellstf swizz &.'et/COmorchension 'r robesExplicitly Detendent,1. Henry' livedonnthe-first. .He put then in a3. Henry ;land planted.tulip4. There were =4window'5. In front wasarbigN6. She said:"I' U. put than inSrInferential/ 7. Whydid Henry knock onMrs. .Bler-lei door:0A. To give her sonetulip bulbd..8,wantediher teapottq. He thoughtshe had stolenis tulips.D. He had.beer)inritEli tocar-1er.!8. What helped thetulips to p.o:,ft94r y=091311Mtarzealwreckmice2bedrooncratesgategownsledges. r3 'I I4Original Story With TargetNominale Underlinedt--,'The bully, the cap, sad them4seake.Abtint, lteliked to pick' od smaller bsyl.Ofteh Mike.would wait forrRon after schooland tprist his arm oirun offwith his books.Firrdllxe Ron decided to fightback. His re1.3i.rd..was a bloody nose, twoblack Lyes°, and broken glasses.Onellythe bullygrib Ron's .02. Thatw$s his bigmistake.Ran mad, * quick move with-hisfoot and Mike found himselfwith"no gag, lying" flit onhis-back. Mikes mIstak0 was that'he didnot know Ran had beenleagnitg Judd. Mikels reward was a sore.back.s -.Matrixof\Simulatef'boys*school'arm,,_books-*rewardnoseSRVUfightersa .malesthiswrist'textsprize.faceslab'checksglasseslensestime)%6111-4. tak*movefamebask'baterrormirror.turnmouseshoesfork. ,ISArTypestoReV--StletTdargettic;minals._____A.--\M 4SIM \-NONE .MIXbuttonttondemisehandsscarf.fairyaxe, wavei?gibbonroads--,erg= ...:noisegloveeggs2;\ mugsgrassIonionsdishhill_cat'mopbatrl.. dinnergummailditch1Comprettension_Probe1s_',,.-\°iepliitlyDependentao,l.Misforfighting..2. That was- his bigi-\.it3...,And Mike found himsel

12 f-lying. on his4. Mike.was- a'..\-.5., O
f-lying. on his4. Mike.was- a'..\-.5., One day he tried tograb'bon's6:110 made a quick'-l'''..Qerential.,7.Whydid Hike endup on hisback.?_.A. He slipped....1B. He vas tripped bya judo move.?\-.C. Rom knockedkinldown..,D: Es grabbeeRoera capby mista1ia.''*.._,8. How did Ron get twoblackeyes?\\''1\.40.Ifightermalesfairy'NAV!roads,.prizenoiseensaglass198447. 4'Ori tual. Sto.With Tar et. noeinals Underlined"The dragbn, the castle and ;he friends2.'...2.Pnre there was a king. He Lived in an old cassle.iThere wAs..no.:.carpet: 'The walls were made of stone. It.was cold.Sometimes he.*iirWl,wear a blanket. Outside there.lived 4 dragon. 1vei-y 114ghs.A he Sat in hiscave on the hill and roared. The kingcould not getany sleep. Finelly7the knights Were sent. out. Buthe.frightenedthem all Away from the.cave, excePt-ope. The dragonsiarted'crying:"I have.= friends." The knight said: "I'll be yourfriend,°' Now-he lives in the castle. The fire coalte0out.of.his noseLad keeps1'everyone/warm.-.\1.. \.\._._Nettie of Sinalate T90-42e -to -Replace Target Nominals'.,,,,---, ---.,;____CORASHIM.,M .-..,..BONE4....i...king\mistkite'spike.a*castle...tower-carrotpeach-- carrot.-..........carpetrugcottage.: pbny..-.'.---..yells-.walla'fenceswellsde)ila....stonetack"::straw 'toy(' nighthill..*cave. *dragonbprnkatmonstershawlKrickmountainholecase :eveningnall;'edoorbellhen.J.e.g wool..postermug-card'iedle......-;. ...:evening.toy'...sleep.rest.rest..'-stepsrope.....'....,,;, rest!....:::41.'eke ghtesoldiers''.knives' ,sockssockseft1 ndsneighborsfrogsestoves,.:-.--_--., ..;,,,.neighborsheatfile.,.'4 net.-,-..'.

13 ..fire-facenose \=face;.feet,\nest1..,..
..fire-facenose \=face;.feet,\nest1..,...,.CompiehenSion Prober'......,....;.tICIplicitly Dependent..1. He sat\in.his,.2. Once thkrt.wase%3. Ha lived\in.a'big, old..'...A,,4. Finally, theV were sent out.5. Dhas4,04't1 ere liveda\;'c'......,6. Hewas crying: "I.have no111I\4.'./..Inferential441.'.,--''''\..7. Why was the dragon allowed to- live inthecastle?.A.b the knights could live in. tbe.&e:...,.B.'Tc keep thcaatle warm..C. The king w nted a friend..D. They wsre.f iihtenedofhim..,.,;'....8. What did 1,e kant the knights.to do aboutthe 'dragon?:.(Nc,f. ..0r1 inal Sto'With Target Nominals. Deleted,...". ..The fire, the night, and the ghost.Once there_vmm a farmer.He had lots of fine'animals on his farm.'lut,therawas_ahost inthe house. It would olt-17-ialk around inthe-vighi and take-the sheeto off everyone. Sometimes it knocked onLthe 'door. Whes.the sleepy farmer got.up, no one was, there. 'Sometimesit rolled e botele 'down the stairs. It Made a great noise. One night:-'the ghost rattled all the pots and scared the animals. Ic also liked'1 t0 blow the smike lack down the chiEney: Then no one could light a:fire. The smoke voulegu.everywhere.ahe fire would go ouL..-_Matrix ofSimulat4Types fd-Replace Target Nominals.,CORR .SRVUSUVRNONEMIX.e-\'''.*iarmergrowerfactoryship(1,growerVr*animalsItvestock°ankles'ladders..ankles.4farmland'frame'.knifedemon,glove''lank*shoatroperope(housecabinhoseriverhose,ftightevenisgnest'fig%nest'sheets.clothshellslightsshellsdoor 4.gaiedoll,..spot',gatebottleglassiballdust-----'I'stairsstepsstonescollarsteps'floise.soundnosepaint- -.,nosepots'bowls'1pets

14 facesfaces*smoke'Endessnailtuns'\$,chimn
facesfaces*smoke'Endessnailtuns'\$,chimney"pipechickemforestforest,....,-d *fireblaze,fishpie.-o.1Comprehension ProbesExplicitly Dependent\.1.'But there was ainthe house.2. It also liked to blow theback down.3. It would often' walklround inthe4. Then no one Coul# 144 ar5. Ha-had lots of fine6. Once there was aInferential.7. Why did,the'farMer get up?A. He heard the ghost.B. He tonldnht'gleep.C. He wanted to.lbck the door.D. He wanted to go down the stairs.8. Why did theeihest roll the bottlidown the Stairs?,.13' Original storyNominals Underlined..AThe leverthe pranet3and the spaceshipThe,spaceship VAS about to land on the planeso the two boyspushed the supply cases toward the escape door. Siiddeoly,thespaceship gave a burst of power.SkirlIwas knocked against therelease lever. As Skip fell away from..the lever, Glen grabbedSkip's spacesuit, but they were all 'thrown into space. Glen.saw a huge rock hanging in the'gread emptiness. It was Phobos,one of the planet's moons. "ye'must reach Phobos while`blrspacesuits are intact.The ease is covered with rubbero itwill not shatter.'111e rubber will cushion our fall."Matrix of SimulateCORKSUVR.Typeto Replace Target Naminals*spaceship*planetboyscasesdoor,burst*lever*spacesuitspacerock'emptinessmoons°rubberfallrleylihder!taryouthsboxes'gateshotstrength. control,clothairstonehailovsatellitesspongedropSUVUspaghettirefrigeratorplantseemingbones'firesCastles~ svitch,-2dollswanbunnymoneypowderfishleedermomentsparrowepot,ricecanalnewscrumbsandalssteamscountrylaceemberiessmeitminesk' riverfleaComprehension ProbesExplicitly Dependent1. It is covered

15 with2. Glen grabbed Skip's.3. Skip VAS
with2. Glen grabbed Skip's.3. Skip VAS knocked against the re/ease4. They pushed the.supply5. Thewas about to land..6. They were aboUt:to land on ther-Inferential117. Hoy did Glen end up in'epace?vas a job he always wanted..IL Em was lookingfor a huge rock.C. 'Wiled tried to saveSktp.D.,S1p tiled to kill Glen by pullinffhe release lever..S. Why was the can covered withzubberl-aHONE.MIR....0.-14plantcastles'swanstrengthleadercanalaircrumbspongedropA201 202tiAf-..0Original Story WieTarget Nominals UnderlinedThe ,kiant,thecave and the.sticki..AJack was a poor farmer. Re.enly possessed a few animals on his land.But there was a horrible giant:18e lived in -an enormous cave up inthe hills and when he wanted a meal \he would steal the animals.Fihally. Jack took a'spade7wiih him anedus a-deep Ell outsidethe cave. He covered it with sticks, and then he made a loud noise.Soot, the giant ran out; stepped on the sticks, and fell with Atremendous crash.Jack killed him with an axe and now JaCk is'a here'to all the villagers because he only used a'spide and an axe.--T1Matrix of Simulate Types to Replace Target NominalsCORR'SRVUe SUVRSUVUNOiii 'MIXI;farmergrowerfairyrifle*animalslivestockapples.matcheslandgroundlakepants*giantmonstergrass.bhttery*cave-holecat.so fisthills.moundsh6mea,trays .mealfeastmilk,bridg4spadeshotalshapenosepitditchpigsail*stickstwigs,stitch-pots 0noisesoundnose7.crab*crashthud/ Cream" drugdrug*axebladeass 'skateherostar::: herospidervillagerscrowdvasesbatter .---14matchesgroundgrassfistmoundsfeast"shovel._sailstitchExplicitly Dependent. Jack killed him with anHe- covered

16 it with3. There was a horrible'4, Jac2
it with3. There was a horrible'4, Jac2 took a 'with-him.S.e lived in an enormousComprehension Probes6.e only possessed a fewInferential.7. Why did Jack digpit?A. To find water.8. To try-out his new spade.C. To form a trap.D. To look for sticks.8. Why, did Jack kili'the giant?StarV8143 Original Story with Target Nominals UnderlinedThe docks; the boat /mud the harborMichael dew up in a crowded,pity,in-America.Mis familyived-in a small house in a narrow street. All around were hugefactories with smokinishtmets: It was very noisy because ofthe big trucks that drove past: When they decided_to.leave theeityyand Its factories, Michael was .osly ten,years old. Michaelenjoyed travelling by boat and Was disappointed when theysailed into the harbor. The harbor was surroundedby steephills. When they landed at the docks, Micfiaei. saw many.officebuildings and warehouses. There were also many trucks on thedocks to unload the cargo from the boats..Matrix of Simulate Types to Replace Target Nominal'\,iCORRSRVU ,SUVRSUVUNONEMIX*city'towncherrykettle..kettlefamilyrelativaifarmerunary.1housecabinhorsetrain.cabinstreet.roadstringthiefthiefrlF.s.Ttoriesworkshopsfairiesbottlesfairies..--.....''-neys .,funnelsCheesesevings.swings:_.:.:kswagonstricks-wallstricksyearsagesyardssaddles9.saddles*boatraftbootdress-boot*harborbay,dhammer-curtainbay4,hillsmoundsbillsringshalls'dockspiersdogswhales)buildingscabinsbuttonS.honeywarehousesstoragewatchesraisinscargo'luggagecarrots203rocks4- Comprehension ProbesExplicitly DependenN1..Elchael.grew up in a crowded2.'Hichael enjoyed travellineby3. It V231 very noisy b

17 ecaude of the.big4. They sailef11.0to th
ecaude of the.big4. They sailef11.0to the3. All around were huge6. When they landed at the'Inferential7. Why did they leave-the city?.A. To havi fiat.B. Because'of the factories and noise;C. It was Michael's birthday.D. "i'D go sailing.8. Why did the Pliny hate the smoalg chimneys- in the city?e16storagecarrots .r.CPOriginal Story With Target Nominals Underlined.:The,night,athe roof and the spot-It was a hot night in the city andMelvin's bedroom was like a hot.oven, so he said: "I'm notgetting any sleep, so I'll finda nice cool spot."First, Melvin tried sitting near the vindowsillbu,t7no7breeZe came that ya. 'Next; hetried'the roof, but the woofwas Worse than the windinc, because it still field the heatofthe sun. Finilly.helvintiiir'down tosite on the front steps,where the heat vas less intense, althoughthe spot was codedbecause, all.tenants v4e outside.Every tenant seemed t%have the same idea that.night.Matrix of Simulate Types\,\L.COERSEW*nighteveningAttest-pancitytowncoatstrawbedroom.apartmentbeehivehosewenstoveorangetwigsleeprestslipperheel*spotspacespider'.comb*silledge09*Pminkbreezewind.brickmoonwaydirection-vexsmell*roof'ceiling.ropespade*heatwarmthhaygallon'sunrays..start-tentgimpsstairs.stringslios*tenantsresidentstermitesparrotsideathougbt4--irontack.r.to Replace Target Nominals5110,R.SVU.5NONEv,Comprehension ProbesExplicitly DependentI. First, Melvin tried sitting neatthe4. 2. It still heldthe3. It was ehot4. All thev,were outside5. Next, he tried thw6. I'll find i nice, coolInferential7. Why were'the steps so crowded?A. The show' was about to start..B. Items cool outs

18 ide.C. The tenants were trying to get. i
ide.C. The tenants were trying to get. in.D. There was a fire inside.raB. Why did Melvin's bedroom feel like anoven?1'7MIlimJtownhosestoveheelspideredgedirectionspadehay2044.stringsthought.I. aft.Original-Story With Target Nominala bnderlined.-Theepline, the 1ov:end the voiceOWN while walking through A corn field, I sawa weird object..Itciught my lye because itwas sparkling in the sunlight-. I'moved closer to get a look. Thehuge objectwas.a spaceship.Suddenly, a 65or began to open, anda ladder was lowered.to-the pound. Theo thiistrange creature climbeddqwn the ladder.4I got a good look at the spacesuit, itwas wearing. Then I.heard a strange voice: "I am from another planet.I haverun out of fuel. I need fuel to return to my planet. There.will be a reward for you." Thin the voice stopped.Matrix of Simulate Types to Replace Target Naminals,-comicSRVUSUVRSUVU '''.Nam\fieldpark.-fishgoose,s'objectshapeorangecheat\eyeviewegg.1=74cmlightcaissaddle-touch,*tookglimpsevalleystageJaspiceshiprocket,-spadeplant-doorgatedoll"turkey',gladdersteplettuceknife.-......--rio4unddillh'grincotton-creaturethingcucumberblanket..!--;.spacesuitgarment.spiderALesign."gbnicesoundviolitcard`'SS*planetstarplantvessels.-*fuelg83feltanimalsreward':_prize°rivercity '',Comprehension Probeso. ,.Explicitly Dependent.1. "I an from anb+hee2. I saw a weirdI moved-closerto get aA. "I have runApf10. lowered.6.-Then I' heard a strange.Inferehtial'7. Who spoke toie?.-A. A.policeman11..A strangerC. A ladder1D. .A creature.41.1119vr 104s he able to travel from another planet?MIXparkcheategg--.glimpseplantgateknifecottonthin

19 gspidervesselsfelt''prize.205.11 8 C-...
gspidervesselsfelt''prize.205.11 8 C-....yrkOriginal Stdry, With Target Nominals UnderlinedThe [ire, the ranger,. and the leaves._--206lrhe forest rangerstopped. ,He saw the smoke rising above the trees.It was a aRr ate lire. It was :burning the leaveion the floar:ofthe forest. Quickly the ranger used his,extingeisher.Byx.the'les4eswere very dryfInon he was surrounded bY'a wait of fire;so he sprayedchemicals in ,a vide circle. Then he scrapeda hole in the dirt with ashovel. Then he,huriedhimself in the hole,'makingsure he couldbreathe. Later, he climbed out withouteven &scorched eyebrow: He'realised the chemicalfhado.!orked, and he touchedhis eyebrws-happily.J6Matrix of, Simulate Types to rpface Target Nominals4,CORR.. SRVU.SIIVRSUVOt.*ringertravellerreindeer'frog..smokefumes.smellwoodtreeslogs./ Crapsrubber*fire'blazefishinsecteleevespetals.,.leaksmonthsfloorbottom '41'flour'piesforestwoodsframe'.noses. _extinguisher .sptayexhaustloadsmall''''':fitnces."_.weve,fingers,*chemicalspoisons...cherries',railroadscircleringl. circus*hole.ditchhill- dirtsoadoorshovelshell*eyebrow.aceelbow.lakes-,. stormhorseliongarden1Comprehension ProbesExplicitly4epen8ent1. The foreststopped.,2. He climbed out without even a scorched3. Then he scraped a,4. It was adurface5. It vasburning the6. So he sprayed'Inferentiil7. Why did- the fire spread so fast?A. There was a strong wind.B. The chemicals helped the fire.C. The leaves were very dry.O. The extinguisher was broken.NONEMIXreindeersmell-trapsblaze.monthsbottomframe:loadsfingerspoisons:lakesgarden,./tiB. Why did the forest ranger carry an extinguis