Dr. Mayssaa Essam What is - PowerPoint Presentation

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Dr.

Mayssaa

Essam

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What is Biotechnology?

*

Biotechnology

—the use of biological processes; and

technology

—to solve problems or make useful products.

*Biotechnology

– using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem.

* Biotechnology-

is technology

based on

biology, especially when used in

agriculture,

food science, and medicine.

United

Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as: Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

* Biotechnology-

is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century.

Biotechnology in 21

st

century

--

Using modern technology such as genetics, molecular biology to understand biological phenomenon in a new level of precision (at the cellular and molecular level), and solve problems or create product around that understanding .

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ApplicationsBiotechnology

has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and

agriculture,

non food uses of crops and other products, and environmental uses. For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk pro-ducts). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the

mi-

ning

industry

in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle,

tr

-eat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (

biore

- mediation),

and also to produce

biological weapons.

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Application of Biotechnology

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Branches of biotechnologyBlue biotechnology Green biotechnology

Red biotechnologyWhite biotechnology Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biote-chnology, but its use is relatively rare.

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Green biotechnology

Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural

processes

.

An

example would be

the selection and domestication

of

plants via

micropropagation.Another

example is the

designing of transgenic plants to

grow

under specific environmentconditions or in the presence (or absence) of certainagricultural chemicals.Red biotechnology Red biotechnology refers to the use of organisms for the improvement of medical processes. It includes the designing of organisms to manufacture pharmaceutical products like antibiotics and vaccines, the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation, and its use in forensics through DNA profiling.

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White biotechnology

White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnolog

y,

is

biote

-

chnology

applied to industrial processes .An example is the designing of

organi

s

m

s

to

produce a useful chemical. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGYTraditional Biotechnology (Old).New Biotechnology (Modern).

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Traditional Biotechnology:

The Traditional biotechnology refers to the conventional technology which have been used for many centuries. Beer, Wine, Cheese and many foods have been produced using traditional biotechnology.The Traditional biotechnology is an art rather than a science.

Modern Biotechnology

:

Capability of science to change the genetic material for genetic new products for specific requirement through recombinant DNA technology.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

The formation of new combinations of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules into any virus, bacterial plasmids or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of continued propagation (Smith, 1996).

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Genetic Engineering

is the production of new genes and alteration of genomes by substituting or adding new genetic material. SCOPE OF

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Gene

Therapy

:

This is in a way, genetic engineering of humans, which would allow a person suffering from a disabling genetic disorder to lead a normal life

.

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2. Health care: (a) In 1982, human insulin (

humulin) has been produced by microorganisms in fermenters.(b) Hepatitis B vaccines (

Recombivax

HB), genetically engineered vaccines produced biotechnologically

.

3.

Immunotechnologies

:

Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) for diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies, special sets of proteins present in humans that enable them to fight incursion of their bodies by harmful chemicals or microorganisms.

4.

New DNA technologies

: These include DNA fingerprinting, sequencing of genomes, development and use of new molecular markers for plant identification and characterization.

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5. Stem cell techniques: Which would involve purification and isolation of

stem cells? from various tissues and develop into the desired tissue which could then be used, for example, for transplantation.6.

Tissue culture

:

Tissue culture of both plant and animal cells. These are used for

Micropropagation

?

of elite or exotic materials (such as orchids), production of useful compounds such as

taxol

(the widely used anti-cancer drug) and vanillin, and preparation in the laboratory of “natural” tissues such as arteries for arterial graft or skin for

burn.

victims.

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Stem Cell Therapy

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7. Organ transplantation

: Xenotransplantation that is transplantation into humans of organs from other animals. It appears that pig may be the most suitable for this biochemically, anatomically and immunologically.

8.

Human Genome Project

(HGP):

Human genome has been sequenced and chromosome map has been developed in various laboratories world-wide through coordinated efforts.

 

9. Bioinformatics

:

Application of information sciences to increase the understanding of biology, biochemistry and biological data.

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10. Bioremediation

: Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to detoxify pollutants, present in the environment usually as soil or water sediments.

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Amgen Inc. (AMGN)

“Applied M

olecular

Gen

etics

Inc

”

Specializes in

molecular

and

cellular

biology

Produces and markets therapeutic products for the treatment of nephrology, cancer, inflammatory diseases, metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.Successful products on the market (Blockbusters)Strategy:- often target medical problems that haven't received much attention from the pharmaceutical industry EPOGEN:-Stimulate the production of red blood cells to treat anemia.NEUPOGEN:-

Selectively stimulate the production of neutrophils, one type of white blood cell that helps the body fight

infections.

ENBREL

:-

Blocks

the biologic activity of

Tumor Necrosis Factor

(TNF)

by competitively inhibiting TNF, a substance induced in response to inflammatory and immunological responses, such as rheumatoid

arthritis

and

psoriasis.

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* Microbial Biotechnology

– manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteriaCreate better enzymes.

More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product

removal.

Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human

medicine.

*

Agricultural Biotechnology

-

United

Nations Food and Agricultural Org. predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billion! This requires raising food production by approximately 70%!

Plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered

).

Resistance to diseases and insects.Foods with higher protein or vitamin content.

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Drugs developed and grown as plant products.

These better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed the growing world population.Work in groups to discuss how you can use this technology in a third world country to create a better corn crop (main crop in that country) that contains all of the

22?

essential amino

acids.

Animal Biotechnology

Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins

Antibodies

Transgenic

animals:-

way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans

Female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk (contains genes from another source)

Example: human genes coding for clotting proteins? can be introduced into female goats for production of these proteins in their milkAnimals as important models in basic research:-Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies.Animal cloning:-Source of transplant organs.

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Forensic BiotechnologyDNA fingerprinting

Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion.

Based on DNA results

from this

gel.

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Bioremediation

The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances.Stimulated

growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil

2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and

enzymes.

Adding

nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil

spill.

Medical Biotechnology

Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine

Preventive medicine

Diagnosis of health and illness

Treatment of human diseases

New information from Human Genome ProjectGene therapyStem cell technologies

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Stem cells – grown in lab and then treated with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific kinds of tissues needed for

transplant.Current use: stem cells are used for diabetes; spinal cord injuries.

Genes are headline news items

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How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead?

Human Genome ProjectResearch on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate

genes.

Human proteome

Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a

human

cell.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to

individual.

These variations are the cause of some genetic diseases (sickle cell anemia

).

SNPs will help identify genes involved in medical conditions including arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses.

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Example of SNPs and breast cancer

Identification of SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes involved in promoting breast cancer led to development of better targeted treatments for people who have those specific gene mutations.How we can benefit from the human genome project.

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How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead

NanotechnologyApplications that incorporate

extremely

small devices.

Small particles that

can

deliver drugs

to cells.

Gene

therapy technology

Replacing or

augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene. -Still have barriers to overcome before this technology becomes safe and effective.

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Differences between a biotechnology

and pharmaceutical company Pharmaceutical company is involved in drug development (chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug)

.

Pharmaceutical company does not use living organisms to grow or produce a

product.

Biotech company is involved in drug development using live

organisms.

Biotech companies also create products that are not

drugs.

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