BIOTECHNOLOGY What is biotechnology Biotechnology bios life logos study of Literally the study of tools from living things What ID: 916516
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Slide1
DNA Technology
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Slide2What
is biotechnology? Biotechnology
=
bios
(life) + logos (study of)Literally ‘the study of tools from living things’
Slide3What
is
biotechnology?
Biotechnology: is the process of harnessing 'nature's own' biochemical tools to
make
possible
new
products
and
processes
and
provide
solutions
to
society's
ills
What
is
biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any
technique
that
uses living
organisms
or
substances
from
those
organisms
or
substances
from
those
organisms
to
make
or
modify
a
product
, to
improve
plants
or
animals
,
or
to
develop
microorganisms
for
specific
uses
Slide5Stages of
Biotechnology
Ancient
Biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter, including domesticationClassical
Biotechnology
built
on
ancient
biotechnology
fermentation
promoted
food
production
medicine
Modern
Biotechnology
manipulates
genetic
information
in
organism
genetic
engineering
Slide6Human Genome Project (HGP)1.) HGP = Map of all 30,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes (1988-2003)Information has led to many advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture, bio-engineering2.) An organism’s genome
is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell
Slide7Genetic Engineering DNA Technology1.) Biotechnology refers to technology used to manipulate
DNA
.
2.) The procedures are often referred to as genetic engineering.
Slide83.) DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms. All organisms use the same genetic code (A, T, C, G).
Genetic
Engineering
DNA Technology
Slide9Creating Recombinant DNA
Slide10Recombinant DNA- Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA from the two different organisms.Can be used for creating transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and cloning.
Slide11RECOMBINANT DNA-Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.-A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacterium
Slide12Making
Recombinant Bacteria
1st:Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). -Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes were discovered in
bacteria.Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria
Slide13Making Recombinant Bacteria
Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been isolated Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a specific base sequence.
Slide14MakingRecombinant BacteriaFor example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below
Slide15The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces.
Slide16Fragments
of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have unpaired nucleotides at the ends called sticky ends.
Sticky
ends have complimentary bases, so they could rejoin.
Slide17Making Recombinant Bacteria
2
nd
: Cut the gene of interest from the organism’s DNA with same “restriction enzyme” (RE).
Slide18Making Recombinant Bacteria
3
rd
: Combine the “sticky ends” of the two DNA pieces together with DNA ligase (enzyme) – also known as gene splicing.This creates a vector = a DNA molecule used to carry a gene of interest from one organism to another.
Slide19Plasmids
& viruses are the most commonly used vectors
Slide20Making Recombinant Bacteria
a
.)
Insert vector into bacteria. b.) The bacteria can now reproduce the recombinant DNA.c.)
The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.
Slide21Slide22Benefits of Recombinant BacteriaBacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.
Slide23Benefits of Recombinant BacteriaBacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
Slide24REVIEW
Slide25Plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules that can reside in cells.Often contain genes fro resistance to antibiotics.They can spread antibiotic resistanceThey are also used for human benefit.
Slide26Genetic Engineering
Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNAThese enzymes are called RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Slide27DNA Scissors: An Introduction to Restriction EnzymesRestriction enzymes, are proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near the recognition site. A nuclease is any enzyme that cuts the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone, and an endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts some where within a DNA molecule.
Slide28Restriction enzymes
were originally discovered through their ability to break down, or restrict, foreign DNA. can distinguish between the DNA normally present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNAThe enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces, rendering the DNA nonfunctional. Restriction enzymes appear to be made exclusively by prokaryotes.
Slide29Restriction enzymes
generally recognize specific DNA sequences of 4 to 6 base pairs. These recognition sites are a palindrome in that the 5’ 3' base sequence is the same on both strands. Most of the enzymes make a cut in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA at a specific position within the recognition site, resulting in a break in the DNA.
Slide30These recognition cleave sites are called
restriction sites.
Slide31Restriction Enzymes
Recognize and cut at specific places along the DNA molecule called restriction sites.Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.Restriction site is a 4 or 6 base pair sequence that is a palindrome.A DNA palidrome is a sequence in which the “top strand read from left to right is the same as the bottom strand read from right to left.