In Chemistry Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5 What is an element Where do we find all the elements How are electrons arranged in an atom Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom ID: 464868
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C1.1 Fundamental Ideas In Chemistry
Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?
What is an element?
Where do we find all the elements?
How are electrons arranged in an atom?.
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Complete the table below.
What do the following tell you?Atomic number: Mass number:
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:Oxygen Sodium FluorineNitrogen
What is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer.
Why are the noble gases unreactive?.
Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.SiliconHelium Lithium Argon
Sub-atomic
particleRelative chargeRelative massProton101/1840
ElementNumber ofProtonsNeutronsElectronsPotassiumHydrogen30
Describe how
a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond.
Complete the equationSodium + Oxygen
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
Li + O2 Li2OSlide2
C1.1 Fundamental Ideas In Chemistry
Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?
They both have five electrons in their highest energy level
What is an element?Substanve made of only one type of atom.
Where do we find all the elements?In the periodic table
How are electrons arranged in an atom?. In different energy levels.
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Complete the table below.
What do the following tell you?Atomic number
: number of protons in an atomMass number: number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?They only have one electron in their outer energy level.
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles. What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?Protons
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:
Oxygen OSodium NaFluorine F
Nitrogen NWhat is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer. NeutralThe number of electrons, which are negtive, is equal to the number of protons, which are positive
Why are the noble gases
unreactive?They have a full outer shell of electrons. Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.Silicon 2, 8, 4Helium 2Lithium 2, 1Argon 2, 8, 8Sub-atomic particle
Relative chargeRelative massProton+11Neutron01Electron-11/1840electronnucleusproton
neutron
ElementNumber of
ProtonsNeutrons
ElectronsPotassium
192119
Hydrogen
10
1Zinc
3035
30
Describe how
a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond.
Metal loses electrons,
and becomes a positive ion
Non-metal
gains electrons and becomes of positive ion
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen
Sodium oxide
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water
Lithium+ Hydrogen
Hydroxide
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?
Covalent
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?
It is conserved.
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
2
Li + O
2
Li
2
O
2 atoms of lithium
React with one molecule of oxygen
To form 1 molecule of lithium oxideSlide3
C1.2 Limestone andBuilding Materials
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Give the chemical name and formula for limestone.
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate. Magnesium + HydrochloricCarbonate Acid
+ Copper + Carbon + Water Sulphate Dioxide + Nitric Zinc + + WaterCarbonate Acid Nitrate Why don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide.
Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestone
Complete the following equations
Calcium + Carbon
Hydroxide Dioxide Ca(OH)2 + CO2
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Heat with clay
Mix with sand
Mix with ______
____________
Concrete
Use the following formula
CaCO
3
to complete the table below:
Symbol
Element
Number of atoms in compoundCa
C
O
Give an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.Slide4
C1.2 Limestone andBuilding Materials
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Calcium + Water Calcium Oxide hydroxideCaO
+ H2O Ca(OH)2Give the chemical name and formula for limestone. Calcium carbonateCaCO3
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
Breaking down a substance using heatComplete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate. Magnesium + Hydrochloric Magnesium + Carbon + WaterCarbonate Acid Chloride DioxideCopper + Sulphuric Copper + Carbon + WaterCarbonate
Acid Sulphate DioxideZinc
+ Nitric Zinc + Carbon + WaterCarbonate Acid Nitrate DioxideWhy don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?
Bunsen burner does not reach high enough temperatures
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Neutralising acidic soils or lakes
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.Quarries destroy habitatsVehicles used to transport limestone increase carbon dioxide emissionsDust pollution
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide. Limewater turns from clear to cloudyWrite word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestoneCalcium Calcium + Carboncarbonate oxide dioxideCaCO3 CaO + CO2
Complete the following equations
Calcium + Carbon Calcium + WaterHydroxide Dioxide CarbonateCa(OH)
2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Cement
Mortar
Heat with clay
Mix with sand
Mix with
sand and aggregate
Concrete
Use the following formula
CaCO
3
to complete the table below:
Symbol
Element
Number
of atoms in compound
Ca
Calcium
1
C
Carbon
1
O
Oxygen
3
Give an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.
Provides jobs
Increases local tradeSlide5
C1.3 Metals and their uses
What is an ore?
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example.
Give two problems with the extraction of copper.What element is used to reduce metal oxides?
What is meant by reduction?Why do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide.
Why is electrolysis so expensive?
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?
What is electrolysis?
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?
Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each.
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap iron.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract?
.Give two reasons for recycling metals
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?What is an alloy?
Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
Give a property of Low carbon steels: High carbon steels:Stainless steels:
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?
What two things are metals good at conducting?
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping?
Electrical wiring?
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?Slide6
C1.3 Metals and their uses
What is an ore?A naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal to make it economic to extract.
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example.
Metal found as it’s element e.g GoldGive two problems with the extraction of copper.Copper rich ores are becoming scarceMining and extraction cause major environmental problemsWhat element is used to reduce metal oxides?
CarbonWhat is meant by reduction?The removal of oxygenWhy do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?They are reactive so are found in the crust as compounds.
Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide. Iron + Carbon Iron + Carbonoxide dioxide2Fe2O3 +3 C 4Fe + 3 CO2
Why is electrolysis so expensive?
It uses large amounts of energy
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?
Aluminium is more reactive than carbon
What is electrolysis?
Using electricity to remove a metal from its ore.
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?So the positive metal ions are free to move to the negative electrode Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each. Phytomining - plants absorb the metal compounds; plants then burned to produce ash to release metal compounds
Bioleaching – uses bacteria to produce a leachate from which metal can be extractedExplain why copper can be extracted using scrap iron.
Iron is more reactive than copper so displaces it from its salt. Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract?there are many stages in the processes
large amounts of energy are needed.Give two reasons for recycling metalsExtracting them uses up limited resourcesExtraction requires large amounts of energyExtraction is harmful for the environment
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?
It contains about 4% carbon so is brittleWhat is an alloy?Mixture of a metal with other elementsDraw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
carbon
iron
Give a property of
Low carbon steels:
malleable
High carbon steels:
hard
Stainless steels:
resistant to corrosion
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?
They are too soft to use in their pure form
What two things are metals good at conducting?
Heat
Electricity
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?
Transition metals
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping?
Resistant too corrosion; hard but easy to shape
Electrical wiring?
Ductile; good conductor of electricity
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?
Low density
Resistant to corrosionSlide7
C1.4 Crude oil and Fuels
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?
What is a hydrocarbon?
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
What process is used to separate crude oil?
For
alkanes
, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:■ boiling point ■ viscosity■ flammability
What type of bonding occurs in alkanes
?
Why are carbon dioxide and water produced when an alkane burns?
Give the formula for the following molecule What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil. What is the general formula for an alkane
? Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane.
Name the first 3
alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.
What are particulates?
Name two gases that cause acid rainWhat is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?
Give an environmental consequence of: Carbon dioxideParticulatesWhat is a biofuel?Give 2 examples of biofuels.What are the advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Give a disadvantage of using
biofuels instead of fossil fuels?Slide8
C1.4 Crude oil and Fuels
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?
They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible per molecule
What is a hydrocarbon?Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
Why is crude oil called a mixture?It contains many different hydrocarbons that are not chemically bonded to each other.
What process is used to separate crude oil?Fractional distillation
For
alkanes, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:■ boiling point Bigger molecules have higher bps
■ viscosityBigger molecules are more viscous■ flammability
Bigger molecules are harder to lightWhat type of bonding occurs in alkanes
?CovalentWhy are carbon dioxide and water produced when an
alkane burns?The hydrogen and carbon in the fuel react with oxygen in the air. Give the formula for the following molecule
C6H14What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?Carbon monoxidePrevents transport of oxygen in the blood
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil. Crude oil is evaporated
The gases are condensed at different temperaturesLarger molecules collect first at base of column (higher temperatures)
What is the general formula for an alkane? CnH2n + 2Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane. Propane + Oxygen Carbon + Water Dioxide
C
3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2OName the first 3 alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.Methane CH4
Ethane C2H8Propane C3H10What are particulates?
Small solid particles of soot and unburnt
hydrocarbonsName two gases that cause acid rainSulphur dioxideNitrogen oxides
What is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?
Oxidation
Give an environmental consequence of:
Carbon dioxide
Global warmingParticulates
Global dimming
What is a biofuel?
Fuel made from plant matterGive 2 examples of biofuels.BiodieselEthanol
What are the advantages of using
biofuels
instead of fossil fuels?
Renewable
Uses plant waste
Less
pollution
Give a disadvantage of using
biofuels
instead of fossil fuels?
Uses crops that could be food / require lots of landSlide9
C1.5 Other useful substances from crude oil
Give a definition of a polymer.
What is the raw material for making plastics?
Why is it important to recycle plastics?
What is an alkene.
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer.
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from
chloroethene
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon
Give an advantage
and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane. What is cracking?
Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula. What is a biodegradable polymer?
What substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable? What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?
What is the function of a catalyst?
.
Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water?
Name this moleculeWhat is the general formula for an alkene? Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene.
lWhy are hydrogels useful?What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?What special property does a shape memory polymer have?Slide10
C1.5 Other useful substances from crude oil
Give a definition of a polymer.
Very large long chain molecule made up of lots of small repeating units called monomers
What is the raw material for making plastics?Crude oil
Why is it important to recycle plastics?They are made from crude oil, which is a finite resource. We are running out of landfill space
What is an alkene. Unsaturted hydrocarbon.
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer.
Shake with bromine waterTurns orange to colourless if unsaturated.
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from chloroethene
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon
Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane. There is a plentiful supply of sugar cane / sugar cane is renewable (unlike crude oil)Uses crops that would otherwise be used for food / takes a lot of space
What is cracking?Breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful molecules. Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula. C3H6What is a biodegradable polymer?
Polymer that can be decomposed by soil microbesWhat substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable? Cornstarch
What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?fermentaiton
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?
Ceramic pot
What is the function of a catalyst?
To speed up a chemical reaction. Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water? Name this molecule
ethene
What is the general formula for an alkene? CnH2n
Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene. Ethene + water -> Ethanol
Why are
hydrogels
useful?
They absorb water
What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?
Alkanes
and alkenesWhat special property does a shape memory polymer have?Returns to its original shape following heating or coolingSlide11
C1.6 Plant Oils and their uses
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil.
AdvantageDisadvantage
Name two types of emulsion.
What is an advantage of using oil rather than water in cooking?Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
Which are healthier,
unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer.
What happens when you add oil to water?
How could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil? What is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?
Give two uses of vegetable oil
Give two sources of vegetable oil.
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of
propene. + H2
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?Slide12
C1.6 Plant Oils and their uses
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure. Substance that makes two immiscible substances mix. Has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil.
Advantage Quicker; cheaperDisadvantage Product is less pure / may need further treatment
Name two types of emulsion. salad dressings,, paints, ice creams, cosmetics
What is an advantage of using oil rather than water in cooking?Oil has a higher boiling point so food cooks quickerFood tastes better / is crispier
Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
Add bromine water. Unsaturated turns bromine water colourless. Saturated stays orange.
Which are healthier,
unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer. Saturated – they can raise blood cholesterol (which can lead to cardiovascular disease)
What happens when you add oil to water?They don’t mix / form separate layersHow could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.Add hydrogen; Nickel catalyst60oC
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil? Unsaturated has a double carbon-carbon bondWhat is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?Vegetable oil has a high calorific value
Give two uses of vegetable oilCookingFuel / biodiesel
Give two sources of vegetable oil.
Fruits, seeds, nuts
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of
propene. + H2Why are vegetable oils hardened? The hydrogenated oils have highermelting points so they are solids at roomtemperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?HydrogenationHead – attracted to waterTail – attracted to oilEmulsifier moleculeSlide13
C1.7 Changes in the Earth and its Atmosphere
What is a tectonic plate?
Label the diagram of the earth
How did the Earth’s early oceans form?
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from?
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today. What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
How can the gases in the air be separated?
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?
Explain why the plates move
Why is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?.
.
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?Label the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today. Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support
Wegener;s
theory.
Why was
Wegener;s theory initially rejected?Slide14
C1.7 Changes in the Earth and its Atmosphere
What is a tectonic plate?
Section of the crust
Label the diagram of the earthHow did the Earth’s early oceans form?As the earth cooled, the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from? The crust, the atmosphere andthe oceans
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today. Plants photosynthesisedUsed up carbon dioxideProduced oxygen
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
That amino acids could be formed from the interaction of hydrocarbons and ammonia with lightning. How can the gases in the air be separated?By fractional
distillation as they have different boiling points.
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?Sudden movements at plate boundaries
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?Volcanic eruptions
Explain why the plates moveRadioactive decay in the coreReleases heat that is transferred to the mantleAnd causes convection currentsWhy is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?. Most of it is dissolved in the oceans or trapped in sedimentary rocks as carbonates or fossil fuels.
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?Sea floor is spreadingLabel the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today. Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?
Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, making them more acidic. Nitrogen – 80%
Oxygenn –20%
Carbon dioxide –0.003%Trace gases (argon, water vapour) – 1%
Atmosphere
CrustMantleCore
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Wegener;s theory.Land masses on different continents have coastlines that fit togetherSimilar fossils found on different continentsWhy was Wegener;s theory initially rejected?No evidence at
time
Theory of land bridge more popularPresent day animals not similar on different continents