Objectives slide 1 of 2 171 Collective Behavior Define collective behavior and explain its challenges to sociologists Compare and contrast types of collectivity Examine examples of mass behavior ID: 242247
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Slide1
Chapter 17: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social ChangeSlide2
Objectives (slide 1 of 2)
17.1 Collective Behavior
Define collective behavior and explain its challenges to sociologists.
Compare and contrast types of collectivity.
Examine examples of mass behavior.
17.2 Social Movements
Illustrate the various types of social movements.
17.3 Stages of Social Movements
Describe the stages of a social movement.Slide3
Objectives (slide 2 of 2)
17.4
Social Movements in the United States
Analyze key social movements in the United States.
17.5
Theories of Social Movements
Explain the main theories of social movements.
17.6 Social Change
Illustrate theories of social change.Slide4
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior
: Behaviors involving a large number of individuals that are usually unplanned, often controversial, and sometimes even dangerous
Collectivity
: A large number of individuals whose minimal interaction occurs without the benefit of conventional norms
Localized collectivities emerge among people who share close physical proximity.
Dispersed collectivities involve people who influence one another even though they are spread over a large area.Slide5
How Collectivities Differ from Social Groups
Collectivities
Members have only minimal interaction other individuals in the collectivity.
No clear social boundaries.
Characterized by the emergence
of weak and often unconventional social norms that are insufficient to regulate the actions of individuals.
Social Groups
Individual members have considerable interaction with
one another.
Members
share a sense of identity.
Characterized by strong norms and have the goal of regulating the behavior of members of the group.Slide6
Localized Collectivities
Crowd
: A temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another
Types of crowds:
Casual
Conventional
Expressive
Acting
ProtestSlide7
Riots
and
Mobs
Mob
: A highly emotional crowd that pursues a destructive or violent goal
Riot
: An eruption of social activity that is highly emotional, undirected, and violentSlide8
Theories of Crowd Behavior
Contagion theory argues that crowds have a hypnotic effect on their members, causing people to act in ways they would not ordinarily act.
Convergence theories argue that crowd behavior comes from like-minded individuals.
Emergent norm theory states that it is possible to observe patterns that help predict the behaviors of individuals within the collective.Slide9
Dispersed Collectivities: Rumors
Rumors
: Unconfirmed information that people spread, often by word-of-mouth
Characteristics of rumors:
They occur in situations in which there are large degrees of uncertainty and in which facts are difficult to authenticate.
They are unstable and change frequently.
They are difficult to stop.
Gossip
: Rumors about the personal affairs of a personSlide10
Propaganda and Public Opinion
Public opinion
: Widespread attitudes or beliefs about a particular issue
Propaganda
: Information that is given with the intention of influencing public opinion through:
Facts or evidence
Emotions
AuthoritySlide11
Fads and Fashions
Fashion
: A social pattern that is adopted or followed by a large number of people
Conspicuous consumption
: Spending money on things that advertise status and prestige
Fad
: A unique or unconventional social pattern that is adopted briefly and enthusiastically by members of a social group or societySlide12
Other Collective Behaviors
Panic and Mass Hysteria
Panic
: A form of collective behavior in which people react to a perceived threat in a frantic and irrational way
Moral panic (mass hysteria)
: A form of dispersed collective behavior in which people react to a perceived threatening event with an irrational fear
Disasters
Disaster
: An event that causes extensive harm to people and property
Types of disasters:
Natural disastersTechnological disastersIntentional disastersSlide13
Social Movements
Social movement
: Any organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
The cultural variety that accompanies industrial and postindustrial societies makes social conflict more likely.Slide14
Types of Social Movements
Alternative social movement
: A social movement that seeks to change only very limited aspects of society
Redemptive social movement
: A social movement that seeks radical change for a specific, targeted group of people
Reformative social movement
: A social movement that targets a broad group of people but whose changes are limited in scope
Revolutionary social movement
: A social movement that seeks radical change of an entire society
Progressive movements promote new social patternsReactionary movements oppose movements that seek changeSlide15
Why Do People Join Social Movements?
Sociologists have identified four main reasons people join social movements:
Personal advantage
Principled commitment
Sense of self-identity
Desire to be part of a group
Claims making
: The process of trying to convince people that the cause of a social movement is importantSlide16
Stages of Social Movements
Emergence
: The tendency for social movements to form to address a perceived social problem
Coalescence
: A stage of social movements in which the social movement begins to mobilize resources to achieve its goal
Bureaucratization
: The tendency for a social movement to adopt the characteristics of a bureaucratic organization to achieve its goals
Decline
:
The tendency for all social movements to fade in power and significanceSlide17
The American Civil Rights Movement
The American civil rights movement:
Fought to end racial discrimination through litigation, education, and lobbying efforts
Was centered around peaceful, but forceful, motivationSlide18
The Women’s Movement
The women’s movement:
A series of movements occurring over many years that have been committed to achieving equal rights for women.
Three phases:
Phase 1: Concerned with the basic rights of women.
Phase 2: Focused on issues of sexuality, family, and the workplace.
Phase 3: Evolved to criticize social definitions of what it means to be a woman.Slide19
The Environmental Movement
The Environmental movement has had two main goals:
Conservation
The creation of social policies that will lead to environmental sustainabilitySlide20
The Gay Rights Movement
The gay rights movement:
The goal of achieving acceptance and equal rights for people of all sexual orientations and sexualities
Works through the media and the legal
systemSlide21
The Occupy Wall Street Movement
The Occupy Wall Street movement:
Attempted to raise awareness of growing income inequality and corporate influence
Relied on consensus-based decisions made in large assemblies
Did not have clear-cut goalsSlide22
The Tea Party Movement
The Tea Party movement:
Arose in protest of increasing government intervention in the lives of citizens
Articulated a clear set of demands from its inception
Has remained politically relevant at state and local levelsSlide23
Mass Society Theory
Mass society theory
: A theory that suggests that people join social movements because it gives them a sense of belonging to something larger than themselvesSlide24
Deprivation Theory
Deprivation theory: A theory that states people join social movements because they feel deprived in some way
Relative deprivation
: The feeling of dissatisfaction upon realizing that while conditions are improving, they are improving more for other people than for youSlide25
Resource Mobilization Theory
Resource mobilization theory
:
A theory that suggests that for a social movement to be successful, it has to accumulate and mobilize substantial resources
Political process theory
: A theory of social movements that emphasizes the role of the political structure and public opinion in the outcomes of social movementsSlide26
Culture Theory
Culture theory
: A theory that argues that cultural symbols are important for the development of a social movementSlide27
New Social Movement Theory
New social movement theory
: A theory that suggests that social movements in postindustrial societies are substantially different from social movements that occurred in industrial societiesSlide28
Marxist Theory
Marxist theory
: A theory of social movements that suggests that societies change through a dialectical
processSlide29
Categories of Social Change: Natural Cycles
Natural cycle theories attempt to explain the rise and fall of entire civilizations.
Every civilization faces challenges.
Groups within a society develop solutions that often conflict with the ruling class.
The ruling elite eventually turns to force to keep the masses under control.
The resultant fracturing of society leads to the inevitable decline of the empire.Slide30
Evolutionary Theories
Evolutionary theories suggest that societies develop from lower forms to higher forms.
All societies go through phases of cultural progress.
As they develop, cultures become more complex.Slide31
Conflict Over Power
Conflict-over-power approaches are based in the dialectic of Karl Marx.
Antitheses are conflicts over who gains or maintains power in society.
Between societies, conflicts over power often occur in violent clashes or as indirect competition.Slide32
Technology
Technology changes society through three main processes:
Invention: The combining of existing materials to form new ones
Discovery: A new way of seeing reality
Diffusion: The spread of discovery or invention from one area to another