Three Domains Six Kingdoms Characteristics of Animals All multicellular metazoans Eukaryotes cells with nucleus amp organelles Ingestive heterotrophs take in food and internally digest it ID: 750993
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Slide1
Introduction to AnimalsSlide2
Taxonomy Breakdown
Three Domains:
Six KingdomsSlide3
Characteristics of Animals
All
multicellular
(metazoans)
Eukaryotes
(cells with nucleus & organelles)Ingestive
heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it)Store food reserves as
glycogenSlide4
Support Systems
Have some type of
skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside
and made of
cartilage &/or boneExoskeletons
found in arthropodsCover the
outside of the bodyLimit sizeMust be
molted making animal vulnerable to predatorsSlide5
Cicada Molting ExoskeletonSlide6
Endoskeletons Grow with the AnimalSlide7
Support Systems
Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have
fluid-filled internal cavities
giving them support
Called
hydrostatic skeletonsSlide8
Movement
Animals such as sponges may be
sessile
(attached & non-moving)
Animals that move very little are said to be
sedentary
(clam)Animals that can move are motile
Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movementSlide9
SESSILE
SEDENTARY
MOTILE
Sponge
Chiton
Cheetah
ClamsSlide10
Levels of Organization
Sponges
are the ONLY animals that have just the
cellular level
All
other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and systemCells may
specialize (take on different shapes and functions)Cells are held together by
cell junctions to form tissuesSlide11
Invertebrate groupsSlide12
Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest
animals
Contain the
greatest number
of different
species Most are aquatic (found in water)
Do NOT have a backbone
Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinodermsSlide13
Mollusca Facts
There are three distinct body
zones
: a
head-foot, (sensory and motor organs); a
visceral mass, (digestion, excretion, and reproduction); and a mantle, (secretes the shell).
The mantle cavity,
a space between the mantle and the visceral mass, houses the gills; the digestive,
excretory, and reproductive systems discharge into it. Slide14
Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
scallop
nautilus
nudibranch
octopusSlide15
Arthropod Facts
Arthropods have
segmented
bodies.Arthropods have an
exoskeletonDuring their life cycle, arthropods undergo a transformation called metamorphosis.
Arthropods are a highly successful group of animals—they account for over three quarters
of all currently known living and fossil organisms.Slide16
Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
Dung beetle
Horseshoe crab
crayfish
spiderSlide17
Echinoderm Facts
6,000 species
Echinoderms are characterized by their
radial
symmetry,
water vascular system and internal skeleton.
Sea stars are sometimes called star fish, but this is an incorrect name since they are not fish
. Slide18
Echinoderms
Sea cucumber
Sand dollar
starfish
Brittle star
Sea fan (crinoid)Slide19
Vertebrate GroupsSlide20
Vertebrates
More
complex
animals
Most have a
backbone made up of
individual bones called vertebraeFrom simplest to most complex
, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsSlide21
Vertebrates
Vertebrates have
endoskeletons
(internal)
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)
Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals) Slide22
Bone & Cartilage in Fetus
40 day old cat fetusSlide23
Amphibian Facts
Three groups
of amphibians are:
Newts and Salamanders,
Frogs and Toads
, and Caecilians. 5,000 to 6,000 known species.
Amphibians have delicate, permeable skin (moist skin).
The skin of amphibians lacks
the protection that scales (reptiles) and hair
(mammals) provides these other groups of animals.They are ectothermic
(controls body temperature through external means).Slide24
Amphibia
toad
newt
frog
salamander
CaecilianSlide25
Reptile Facts
8,000 known species alive today.
Largest
reptiles are
leatherback turtle, komodo dragon
and saltwater crocodile.
In many reptiles the sex of the young is determined by the
temperature the embryos are exposed to during incubation
. Reptiles are cold-blooded
(Ectothermic).Reptiles have
scales. Slide26
Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Alligator
LizardSlide27
Birds – Aves facts
Feathers.
High
metabolism
. A four-chambered heart.
A beak with no teeth. A
lightweight but strong skeleton. Production of hard-shelled eggs
. Slide28
Birds - Aves
hummingbird
ostrich
lovebirdsSlide29
Mammal Facts
Mammals are divided into
21
groups.
Mammals are tetrapods
. (4 legs/limbs)Mammals are warm-blooded
All mammals have hair
The largest mammal is the blue whale
The smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat.Slide30
MammaliaSlide31
Body AreasSlide32
Surfaces
Dorsal
– back or upper surface
Ventral
– belly or lower surface
Anterior – head or front endPosterior
– tail or hind end opposite the headOral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside)
Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)Slide33
Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL
ABORAL
mouthSlide34
DORSAL
VENTRAL
Surfaces (Most Animals)
ANTERIOR
POSTERIORSlide35
SymmetrySlide36
Body SymmetrySlide37
Body Symmetry
Symmetry
is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or
axis
Asymmetry
occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)Slide38
Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry
occurs when body parts are arranged around a
central
point
like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary
(move very little)Slide39Slide40
Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
occurs when animals can be divided into
equal
halves
along a single planeOrganisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
More complex type of symmetrySlide41
Body Symmetry
Animals with
bilateral symmetry
are
usually
motileAnimals have an anterior and posterior ends
Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)Slide42Slide43
SegmentationSlide44
Segmentation
Only present in more
complex
animals.
May occur
internally, externally, or
both.Repetition of body parts (vertebrae, ribs).
Segments may be fused such as cephalothorax convering head and chest of
crayfish.Earthworms
(internal and external); vertebrates (internal). Slide45
Segmentation
cephalothoraxSlide46
Metamorphosis
Usually found in
arthropods
May be complete or incomplete
Incomplete Metamorphosis
:
egg nymph adultComplete Metamorphosis:
egg larva pupa adult Slide47
Complete
MetamorphosisSlide48
Incomplete MetamorphosisSlide49
Incomplete or complete metamorphosis?Slide50
Digestive Systems
All animals are
ingestive
heterotrophs
Choanocytes
- capture & digest food for sponges
Gastrovascular cavity with
one opening in cnidarians and flatworms for food to enter & leave; called two-way digestive systemSlide51
Bacteria,
Protists
, &
FungiSlide52
Bacteria
A. Characteristics
They are tiny and
unicellular
They are
prokaryotic
which means that their DNA is not housed in a
nucleus
.
They are very
numerous
– For example, there are
2.5 billion
bacteria in a gram of garden soil
They can live just about
anywhere
. Slide53
5. Bacteria come in many different shapes and colors!
Cocci (circular)
Rod
SpiralSlide54
B. Bacteria’s Structure
Cell wall
– Tough, for protection
Cell membrane
– Controls what comes in and out
DNA
– Floats freely, not contained in a nucleus
Some cannot
move
. Others can
move
with
flagella
(which is a long, whip-like tail).Slide55
C. 5 types of bacteria (depending on how they get energy)
1.
Heterotrophs
–
Eat other organisms to get energy
2.
Parasites
–
F
eed on living organisms (but don’t kill them)
3
.
Decomposers
–
Feed on dead organisms
.
4.
Chemoautotrophs
–
Make energy from chemicals like sulfur and iron
5
.
Autotrophs
–
Do photosynthesis (make energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide).
Flesh eating bacteria
Slide56
D
. Bacteria and its effects on others
1. Bacteria in Nature
a.
Food
and
energy
relationships
– Bacteria break down dead organisms and release nutrients to be used by other organisms.
b.
Oxygen production
– Billions of years ago, bacteria released
oxygen
as they did
photosynthesis
and this changed the early atmosphere from poisonous to possible for organisms like
protists
, fungi, plants, and animals
to evolve.
c.
Symbioses
– Some bacteria form
partnerships
(symbiosis) where they live on, near, or even inside another organism. For example,
E.coli
bacteria live in our
intestines
and help us digest our food properly.
Some bacteria are bioluminescent!Slide57
D. Bacteria and its effect on others (continued)
2. Bacteria and Humans
a. Almost all bacteria are
harmless
or
HELPFUL
(1) Bacteria are present and used in
food, fuel, medicines, industrial processes
(2) Bacteria help
break down
pollutants
(3) Bacteria help keep us
healthy
(help us digest our food, for example)
b. A few bacteria cause
problems
for humans
(1) They spoil
food
(2) They can
poison water supplies
(3) They can
damage
property
(4) They cause
diseases
like strep throat, pneumonia,
diptheria
, cholera,
teanus
, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, tooth decay, gum disease. Many of these can be treated (or prevented) with
proper hygiene or immunizations or
antibiotics.Slide58
F. What about Viruses?
Viruses are
disease-causing germs
.
They are
NOT
considered
living
because:
a. They are not
made of cells.
b. They cannot eat
food
or produce
waste
.
Viruses can invade
living thing’s cells
and make them sick.
Viruses ARE able to
reproduce.
Some diseases caused by viruses:
AIDS,
measels
, influenza, hepatitis, small pox, polio, encephalitis, mumps, and herpes.Slide59
Viruses
Host cell
– cell in which a virus
reproduces
bacteriophage
– virus that infects bacteriaSlide60
Characteristics of Viruses
inner core of nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
surrounded by 1 or 2 protein coats (called a
capsid
)Variety of shapes determined by the proteins in their
coatsCANNOT be killed by antibioticsSlide61
PROTISTS (Kingdom Protista)
A. Characteristics
Tiny and
unicellular
Larger than
monerans
, but cannot be seen without a
microscope.
They are
eukaryotic
which means that their DNA is housed in a
nucleus.
Most live in the
water.
Most live as
individual cells
but some live as
colonies
where many
protists
live tightly packed together
6.
Protists
are a VERY diverse group in the way they carry out their life functions.Slide62
B. 3 types (Depending on how they get their energy)
Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Fungus-like protistsSlide63
1. Animal-like Protists
They are
heterotrophs
which means that they must consume other organisms for energy.
They can move with
flagella
(whip-like tails,
cilia
(little hairs that act like tiny oars), or
pseudopods
(“
footlike
” extensions)
Some examples
(1)
Paramecium
– Have cilia
(2)
Amoeba
– Have pseudopods
Amoeba
ParameciumSlide64
2. Plant-like Protists
a. They are
autotrophs
which means that they have
chloroplasts
which use
sunlight
to make their own food in the process of
photosynthesis
.
b. They make
70%
of the world’s
oxygen
!
c. To move, most plant-like
protists
have
flagella
(whip-like tails).
Volvox
Euglena
DiatomsSlide65
3. Fungus-like Protists
Slime Mold
a. They are
heterotrophs
with
cell walls.
b. They live in
moist soil
and on
decaying plants.
c. They feed on
bacteria
and other
microorganisms.
d. An example is
slime mold.Slide66
Fungi (Kingdom Fungi)
A. Characteristics
All fungi are
heterotrophs.
They release
chemicals
that digest the substance on which they are growing. Then they
absorb
the digested food.
They are
multicellular
(except for yeast) and
eukaryotic.
Fungi (and bacteria) are considered the Earth’s
“
clean up crew”.
Shelf mushrooms growing on a dead tree.Slide67
B. Structure of Fungi
Fungi cells are called
hyphae
and are continuous threads that contain
many
nuclei.
2. This is different from plant and animals cells which each have their own
cell membrane
and
nucleus.Slide68
B. 3 types of fungi
1. Yeasts
2. Mushrooms
3. MoldSlide69
1. Yeasts
a. Yeasts
are made of only
one cell
.
b. They are used to make
bread rise.
c. As yeast grows, it produces
carbon dioxide
.
d. Yeasts reproduce by a process known as
“budding”
Yeast under a microscope
Yeast buddingSlide70
2. Mushrooms
a. Shaped like an
umbrella
b. Some can be
eaten
but others are
poisonous
. c. Reproduce with
spores
which are reproductive cells that get carried by the
wind
to a new location and start a new mushroom.Slide71
3. Mold
a. Mold
is
fuzzy, shapeless, and flat
, and grow on the
surface
of an object (like bread).
b. Some are used to make
foods
like
tofu, soy sauce, and blue cheese
c. Certain molds make the drug
Penicillin
Bread mold under a micro-scope
Mold growing on a rockSlide72
C. Fungi and its effects on others
1. Some fungi are
helpful
in making
food
or
medicines
.
2. Most fungi are
neutral
(not good but not bad).
A few fungi are
harmful
a.
Dutch Elm Disease
b. Fungi that
damage crops
c. Fungi that are
poisonous
d. Fungi that cause
cancer
or cause
itchy or painful sores
on humans/pets (like
ringworm
or
athlete’s foot
).
Dutch Elm Disease
Ring Worm
Athlete’s Foot