SitIns are a Highly Successful form of NonViolent Protests Utilized on purpose and inadvertently by people all throughout history You just sit there peacefully of course SitIns In July 1958 came the Dockum Drug Store sitin in Wichita Kansas ID: 569710
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "1 Non-Violent Resistance" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
1Slide2
Non-Violent ResistanceSlide3
Sit-Ins are a Highly Successful form of Non-Violent Protests
Utilized on purpose and inadvertently by people all throughout history.
You just sit there, peacefully of course.
Sit-InsSlide4
In July 1958 came the Dockum Drug Store sit-in in Wichita, Kansas
.
In early August the drugstore became integrated. A few weeks later on August 19, 1958 in Oklahoma City a nationally recognized sit-in at the Katz Drug Store lunch counter occurred.
Sit Ins (Midwest)Slide5
Sit-Ins
"We believe, since we buy books and papers in the other part of the store, we should get served in this part."
On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T University began protesting racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at “White Only” lunch counters and waiting to be served.
Day 2 = 20 People
Day 3 = 60 People
Day 4 = 300+ PeopleSlide6
This was not a new form of protest, but the response to the sit-ins spread throughout
the
South.This form of protest demonstrated clearly
that
young African Americans were determined to reject
segregation.
It Worked!
By August 1961, they had attracted over 70,000 participants and generated over 3,000 arrests.
Sit-Ins
Slide7
7Slide8
8Slide9Slide10
10Slide11
11Slide12
12Slide13
13Slide14
14Slide15
Freedom RidersSlide16
A Year of Conflict
1963Slide17
Incoming Alabama governor, George Wallace
He
took the oath of office standing on the gold star marking where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
In
his inaugural
speech
he calls
for
"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" in his inaugural address.
January
1963Slide18
April 3 – May 10
The
Birmingham campaign, organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights challenges city leaders and business owners in Birmingham, Alabama, with daily mass demonstrations.
The Birmingham Campaign
"The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation.“
-MLKSlide19
April 7 - Ministers John Thomas Porter, Nelson H. Smith and A. D. King lead a group of 2,000 marchers to protest the jailing of movement leaders in Birmingham.
April 12 - Martin Luther King, Jr. is arrested in Birmingham for "parading without a permit".
April 16 – King's Letter from Birmingham Jail is completed.
April 1963
“I am in Birmingham because injustice is here.”
–
Letter From a Birmingham JailSlide20
“Letter from Birmingham City Jail” 1963
How did he answer their criticism that he was an “outside agitator?”
He had ties to the community through SCLC
He had been invited to come
He went where there was
injustice
“Injustice
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”Slide21
How did he answer their criticism that he should first try to negotiate?
The Black community had tried and failed. The city would not negotiate in good faith. No other alternative but direct action.
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.”
“Letter from Birmingham City Jail” 1963Slide22
How did he answer their criticism that he and the marchers should have more patience?
The time had come. 340 years of waiting for their rights
. “There comes a time when ... men are no longer willing to be plunged into an abyss of injustice where they experience the bleakness of corroding despair."
“Letter from Birmingham City Jail” 1963Slide23
"I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law."
“Letter from Birmingham City Jail” 1963Slide24
May 2–4 – Birmingham's juvenile court is inundated with African-American children and teenagers arrested the Children's Crusade.
May 9–10 – After images of fire hoses and police dogs turned on protesters are shown on television, white Americans increasingly support civil rights legislation.
Conflict dies down when MLK orchestrates the release of thousands of jailed demonstrators with bail money from Harry Belafonte and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy
May 1963Slide25
Alabama Governor George Wallace stands in front of a schoolhouse door at the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop desegregation by the enrollment of two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood.
Wallace only stands aside after being confronted by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard
, both deployed by Kennedy.
June 1963
"The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" Slide26
In Spring 1960, Ruby Bridges was one of several African-Americans in New Orleans to take a test to determine which children would be the first to attend integrated schools.
Six
students were chosenRuby
was the only one assigned to William Frantz.
"
take this step forward ... for all African-American children
.“
She was 6
In
1962,
James Meredith—an
African American—applied for admission to the University of Mississippi.
The university attempted to block Meredith’s admission.In response, President Kennedy intervened to uphold the court order. JFK & RFK sent federal troops to protect Meredith when he went to enroll.During his first night on campus, a riot broke out when whites began to harass the federal marshals.
In the end, two people were killed and several hundred were wounded.
Integration of Southern Schools
The Problem We All Live With
by Norman Rockwell
James Meredith is walked to class by U.S. marshals.Slide27
Medgar
Evers was
an African American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in countless civil rights efforts.Served in WWII and stormed the beaches of Normandy.He became a field secretary for the
NAACP, and investigated the Emmett Till murder.
Evers was assassinated in his driveway, Jackson, Mississippi, on June 12
th
, 1963.
His murderer wasn’t convicted until 1994.
The film Ghosts of Mississippi recounts the trial
Loss of a LeaderSlide28
The
bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11,
1963."giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." On
June 19
th
President Kennedy sends Congress
his
proposed Civil Rights Act.
Proposing the Civil Rights ActSlide29
August 28
th
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is held. Dr. Martin Luther King gives his I Have a Dream speech
~250,000 Marchers
75% Black
I Have a DreamSlide30
September
15
th 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham kills four young girls. Four girls, Addie Mae Collins (aged 14), Denise McNair (aged 11), Carole Robertson (aged 14), and Cynthia Wesley (aged 14), were killed in the attack, and 22 additional people were injured
That
same day, in response to the killings, James Bevel and Diane Nash begin the Alabama Project, which will later grow into the Selma Voting Rights Movement
.
Influential in the approval for the Civil Rights Act
“
Bomb”ingham
, ALSlide31
November 22
nd
1963 President Kennedy is assassinated. The new President, Lyndon B. Johnson, decides that accomplishing JFK's legislative agenda is his best strategy, which he pursues with the results below in 1964–1965
The Assassination of the PresidentSlide32
Civil Rights in the 60’s
Part A: Civil Rights As It WasSlide33
Civil Rights
Legislation Under LBJ
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting
Rights Act
1965
Executive Order 11246 - 1965
Thurgood Marshall on the Court – 1967
Civil Rights Act of 1968
“WE SHALL OVERCOME”
The American Spirit p477-494
(
TP 3.
on 513) Slide34
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark
piece of legislation It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public.Slide35
A Nobel Laureate
December
10th, 1964 – Dr. Martin Luther King is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the youngest person so honoredSlide36
A Legal Legend
June
13th, 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is the first African American appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.Slide37
Civil Rights in the 60’s
Part B: Voter RightsSlide38
Voting Rights in ‘
Bama
The Alabama Voting Rights Project continues organizing as James Bevel, Diane Nash, and James Orange.Selma Voting Rights Movement
The group organizes numerous marches on behalf of Voting Rights for All African Americans.
Voter’s ExamSlide39
Mississippi Freedom
Summer
Voter registration movementWell over 1,000 out-of-state volunteers participated in Freedom Summer alongside thousands of black Mississippians.
Most
of the volunteers were young, most of them from the North, 90 percent were white and many were Jewish.
Over the course of the ten-week project:
Four
civil rights workers were killed (one in a head-on collision)
Three
Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the civil rights movement
Four
people were critically wounded
Eighty Freedom Summer workers were beatenOne-thousand and sixty-two people were arrested (volunteers and locals)Thirty-seven churches were bombed or burnedThirty Black homes or businesses were bombed or burnedSlide40
The 24
th Amendment
January 23rd,1964– Twenty-fourth Amendment abolishes the poll tax for Federal elections.Slide41
Bloody
Sunday (
Selma Voting Rights Movement)March
7
th
, 1965 –Civil
rights workers in Selma, Alabama, begin a march to Montgomery but are stopped by a massive police blockade as they cross the Edmund
Pettus
Bridge.
Many marchers are severely injured and one killed. Slide42
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Echoes
the language of the 15th AmendmentThe Act prohibits states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color
.“
End of Literacy TestsSlide43
Civil Rights in the 60’s
Part C: Pop CultureSlide44
First African American to win best Actor in a Leading Role
April
13th, 1964 - Sidney Poitier wins the Academy Award for Best Actor for role in Lilies
of
the Field
.Slide45
Prime Time Television
September
15th, 1965 – Bill Cosby co-stars in I Spy
, becoming the first black person to appear in a starring role on American television.Slide46
Interracial Relationships
December
11th, 1967 – The film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner is released, also with Sidney Poitier.Slide47
Civil Rights in the 60’s
Part D: Different ApproachesSlide48
Organization of Afro-American Unity
June
28th, 1964: F
ounded
by Malcolm X, lasts until his death.
Restoration
: "In order to release ourselves from the oppression of our enslavers then, it is absolutely necessary for the Afro-American to restore communication with Africa."
Reorientation
: "We can learn much about Africa by reading informative books."
Education
: "The Organization of Afro-American Unity will devise original educational methods and procedures which will liberate the minds of our children. We will ... encourage qualified Afro-Americans to write and publish the textbooks needed to liberate our minds ... educating them [our children] at home."
Economic Security
: "After the Emancipation Proclamation ... it was realized that the Afro-American constituted the largest homogeneous ethnic group with a common origin and common group experience in the United States and, if allowed to exercise economic or political freedom, would in a short period of time own this country. We must establish a technician bank. We must do this so that the newly independent nations of Africa can turn to us who are their brothers for the technicians they will they will need now and in the future."Slide49
The Old Malcolm X
As a spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught black supremacy and advocated separation of black and
white. He and the Nation of Islam were described as hatemongers, black supremacists, violence-seekers, and a threat to improved race relations.
Civil
rights organizations denounced Malcolm X and the Nation as irresponsible extremists whose views were not representative of African
Americans.
After
breaking with the Nation of Islam in 1964—saying of his association with it, "I was a zombie then ... pointed in a certain direction and told to
march“
He became Sunni,
he disavowed racism and expressed willingness to work with civil rights leaders, though still emphasizing black self-determination and self defense
.Slide50
Another Leader Assassinated
February
21st, 1965 – Malcolm X is shot to death in Manhattan, New York, by three members of the Nation of
Islam, though convicted, they all maintain their innocence.
Manhattan's
Audubon
BallroomSlide51
Black Power
June
5th, 1966 – James Meredith begins a solitary March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi.
Shortly
after starting, he is shot with birdshot and injured.
Civil
rights leaders and organizations rally and continue the march leading to, on June
16
th
,
Stokely
Carmichael
first using the slogan Black power in a speech…“It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.”Slide52
The Black Panther Party
October 1966
– Black Panthers founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California.The Black Panther Party achieved national and international notoriety through its involvement in the Black Power
movement.
The
organization initially set forth a doctrine calling primarily for the protection of African American neighborhoods from police brutality
.
“The provocative
rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity
."Slide53
The Black Panther Party
The
Black Panther Party's objectives and philosophy expanded and evolved rapidly during the party's existence, making ideological consensus within the party difficult to achieve, and causing some prominent members to openly disagree with the views of the leaders.The group created a Ten-Point Program,
to officially express their grievances.Slide54
1968:
A Year of Tragedy, Triumph, & TransformationSlide55
The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr
.
By late 1960s – the civil rights movement had
fragmented
into many competing organizations.
Result
: no new laws for civil rights.
A sniper killed MLK
on April 4, 1968, creating national mourning as well as riots in more than 100 cities.Slide56
Election of ‘68
Rise of a Kennedy
Platform of…
Racial and economic justice
Non-aggression in foreign policy
Decentralization of power and social improvement
An engagement of the young…
The future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality.Slide57
Assassination of RFK
Death of a Kennedy
Los Angeles, CA : June 5
th
, 1968