THE BACTERIA The simplest living - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

THE

BACTERIA

The simplest living

things

Biology and Geology department– I.E.S

Campanar

-

ValenciaSlide2

1.-What are

micro-organisms?



Micro-organisms

or microbes are single celled organisms.



Too

small to be seen

with

the

naked

eye.



They

are

found

practically

EVERYWHERE on

earth.



Also

commonly known

as bugs,

germs and

microbes.



Generally

divided

into 3

different

groups:

Bacteria,

Fungi and

VirusSlide3

2.-What is a

bacteria?



Bacteria

have a prokariotic cell

structure.



They

do

not

have an organized

nucleus.



They

are unicellular

organisms containing DNA

andribosomes.They belong to monera kingdom.Slide4

Prokariotic cell

structureSlide5

3.-Bacteria

can only

be

seen

by

microscope:They have

three distinct shapes

Spherical

(cocci)

Rod-shaped

(bacilli)

Spiral

(spirilla)

Different kinds

of

bacteria

seen

at

the

microscope.Slide6

4.-Which characteristics

do they

have?

.



Bacteria

have

ALL CHARACTERISTICS

of living

beings: nutrition,

reproduction

and

interaction with

the

environment.Slide7

4.1.- Bacteria nutrition

(I)



Most

bacteria

are

heterotrophs

:

they

do

not produce

their own

food.

There are 3

types:

Parasites: They feed off living things.

They cause illnesses

like tuberculosis

and

cholera.

Saprophytes

: They

live

on dead or decomposing matter. They transform organic substances

into inorganic.

Some

saporphytes

are

useful,

example lactobacilo is used

to

make

yoghurt.

Symbionts

: They live on bodies of other living things to provide mutual benefit. They can be found in the digestive system of many mammals. There intestinal bacteria

help with digestion.Slide8

4.1.- Bacteria nutrition

(II)

Some bacteria are:Autotrophs:

they make their own

food through photosynthesis,

for

example cyanobacteria.

Others

are:



Aerobic

:

Which

means they require

oxygen

to

live.

Anaerobic: which means oxygen is deadly to

them.Slide9

4.2.-Bacteria

reproduction



Bacteria

generally reproduce by

binary

fission

, producing

two

daughter cells. Each

daughter

cell grows and then

divides

again.Slide10

5.-Harmful bacteria, useful

bacteria?

What a

mess!!!

Recommended

reading:

The

misunderstood

bacteriaSlide11

5.1.-Harmful

bacteria:

Bacteria

produce

diseases

in

these two

situations

:

U

s

in

g

ce

l

ls

as foo

d

:

Ba

c

teria

bork

e

h

ealthy

ce

l

ls

i

n

order

to feed

off them,destroying the cellular tissue.Spreading to

xins: Some bacteria throw a toxin tha

t

f

l

ow

s

t

hr

o

u

g

h

t

he

bloodstream

along

all

the

body,

altering

the

proper

performance

of

the

cellular

t

i

ssue.

 E.g:

Food poisoning- Tuberculosis - Cholera - Syphilis – Ulcers –Throat streptococcus

Scarlatina –Cough –

Meningitis

–Pneumonia –Leprosy

–tetanus

–

Yaws

disease

But,

only a minority of

the bacteria (less than 1%)

cause

diseases in

humans, animals and plants. The

rest

of

them

are

beneficialSlide12

What

is

Yaws

disease?

It belongs to the group of chronic diseases caused for bacteria classified

as Treponema. There are known three species:

Treponema

pallidum pertenue

:

Yaws

disease

Treponema

pallidum

endemicum:

Endemic Syphilis

or bejelTreponema pallidum carateum:

PintaSlide13

What

is

Yaws

disease?

Although they

are

not lethal, these diseases are painful and they produced lesions in the

skin, cartilages, face

and

soft

tissues

from the mouth

and

bones.Slide14

What

is

Yaws

disease?

From the

beforementioned three,

the Yaws disease is the one that can be most easily found. It can be spotted

in poor

rural

communities located

in

warm and humid tropical zones from Africa, Asia, South

America

and the Pacific.Slide15

What

is

Yaws

disease?

Children under

15 year old which live in poor socio- economic conditions are

the main target of the infection.Slide16

What

is

Yaws

disease?

Transmission occurs with direct

contact with an infected wound, trough the

skin.The

incubation

period

has

an average of 21

daysSlide17

In

1948 when

the World

Health Organization (WHO)

was created, the treponematose diseases were the most troublesome ones in matters of public

health

Yaws : 160 million of affected.

B

e

j

e

l: Pinta:

1 million of

affected.

700.000

affected.

What

is

Yaws disease?Slide18

For

this reason, urgent health

campaignswere

released.Massive injectable penicillin

treatments were applied in 46 countries.

These diseases were reduced on a

95%

This

w

a

s o

n

e of

th

e

bi

gge

st achievements of the WHO.What

is

Yaws

disease?Slide19

What

is

Yaws

disease?

But, the lack of controls and

the

diminution of resources made the

Yaws disease appear again

in West

Africa, Asia

and

the Pacific, after the

70s

In 2006

the

WHO

highlighted,

on

its public health agenda, the Yaws disease as an important problem.The eradication of this disease

on

India

was

the

motivation for this renewed

eradication

in other

countries.Slide20

In 2010 the doctor Oriol

Mitjà

went to Lihir, an island

in Papua, new Guinea, to make

a substitution for a month in a medical center.

There he

found out that most of its inhabitants were affected by the Yaws disease

and

he decided

to

stay to look for

solutions.

What

is

Yaws

disease?Slide21

What

is

Yaws

disease?

He discovered that only

one pill of the antibiotic AZITROMIZINA was enough to cure

the disease with a cost of 0,50€.

Thanks

to

his

work and working alongside the

WHO, a

campaign was started

in

order to

eradicate the disease

globally for

the year

2020.Slide22

5.1.-Harmful

bacteria:

Yaws

disease

TEASER

"Where the roads

end":

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZFMOSsi9KQ

Un

médico español descubre el modo

para

erradicar

la

enfermedad de

Pian:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWZBETxqi-8Slide23

5.2.-Ways of protection

against the

harmful

bacteria

There

are a few big ways to protect

yourself against

pathogens

:

Antibiotics

(drugs

to kill bacteria)

Vaccination

(using your body

´

s

own

immune system to pre-emptively guard against attack)

Hygiene,

clean your hands

before your meals

can prevent

from

diseases

.Slide24

5.3.-Antibiotics can

only be

used

to

treat

bacterial infections

They target specific structures on bacteria to kill

them.



First

made

from

a

fungus substance (penicillin),now

most are made

artificially.



Antibiotic

resistance is when the antibiotic doesn´t target bacteria anymore. This is becoming a major problem.Slide25

5.4.-

Vaccines

can only

be used to prevent infections



“Trick”

your immune

system to make antibodies

that destroy foreign

“bodies” or particles

(such

as

bacteria

and

viruses)



They

are made

from a weakened bacteria or inactivated microorganisms, or by using

only part of the

bacteria

itself.Slide26

6.-Useful

bacteria

Bacteria have

a

variety

of

important

uses

:

They help

to

produce

interesting food

(buttermilk,

yogurt,

cheese,

sauerkraut, pickles, and olives,

etc)

Decompose organic matter

(recycle nutrients from dead

organisms, break

down

sewage

into

simpler

compounds)

Nitrogen

fixation

(chemically

changes

nitrogen

gas, N2

into

amonia NH3, so plants can make amino

acids)

Human health (Bacteria on skin prevent infection and bacteria in gut helps digest food and make vitamins)–

Biotechnology (used to make antibiotics, insulin, human growth hormone,vitamins and other drugs)Slide27

Bacteria

are

awesome!

Biology

and Geology

department–

I.E.S

Campanar

-

Valencia