VikngLaࠉpseLrL hhgspgࠐmLsgL hhsgkieࠃof - PDF document

VikngLaࠉpseLrL hhgspgࠐmLsgL hhsgkieࠃof tgࠃࠉRLpelkvkiknLsiLpekngenkࠋen᠆nerLgsmhngnkࠛnLanxLᴗh࠙LᴄlhselnLtgࠄiࠌI VikngLavlvpiଇverr VhkvLထvሓvthငvᔆpစvᔃnpሗnkv᠙ဃfဗgvwLnvtለkxp଒rkvthkvkffkctnvሓvIrkଆng'nvrkckntv‘nሡ vሔkvሗvbሔhvthkvVrkLtavሓv␐nbሗvLngvwhဝhvkଃmkntnvဗvthkvVrkLtavcሂଅvbkvmሢkg fሙwLrgvwနhሂtvrLtဓဝLtဒn.v ChLမkgvbav 'gsinllsgL‘ngIskL’sglhssB vሓvthkv᠙နငhvInntနitkvሓvIntkrnLtဒnLsvLng CሑpLrLtဢkv␆w,vprምkkgဗgnvwkrkvሖknkgvbav 'gsinllsgLvngmskLgnR࠘B vሓv᠆ngሙ ⠗ဢkrnနavwhovgLvkvLvcଃLrvcሗtkxtiLsvLnLଇnငvሓvthkvIrငhvvሔk.v⤂tଐnဗgvhማvLngvwha thkv‘nሡvcLmpLယnvwLnvnለkffkctဢk,v⨙ሓknnሙvCLhဋsvଐntkgvmarဆgvfLctሙnvthLtvcሑbဗkgvto prህickvthkvrkniଔ,vnሔvଃLntvሓvwhဝhvpላနဝLsvncLrk-mሗgkrဗgvbavSဗnvⴃဗvLngv␐bkrtLn ሗvငniknvnichvLnvcሗncrဖtဒn,vLbሙtဒn,vthkvtLxvrLtkvLngvthkv଒nnvሓvLvCሑmငnဒnkr. ⴂrthkrmork,vthkvrkckntvECpv⼂ggmkntnvဗv VikȄg vLngv ؇val vcሗtrဣitkgvtለthkv⠗ဒnn' gငtrintvሓvEirሖk,vwhဋkvthkvpሖiଆrvaktvmငgiစkgvpkrckptဒnvwLnvthLtvဗv␐nbሗ,vIrkଆng wLnvgkttဗgvLvbLgvgkLଈwhဝhvcሂଅvbkvrknkgሔဆtkgvfላ଒wဗgvLv‘nሡvvሔk.v⤓fဝဆs ဗfሙmLtဒnvሗvthkvVrkLtavwLnvncLntvLngvgrLftkgvဗvnichvLvwLavLnvtለbkvဗLccknnဣଃvtለthk mL⼒rနavሓvvሔkrn.v⨙ሓknnሙvCLhဋsvntLtkgvthLtvnhሂଅvIrkଆngvgለtለLvnkcሗgvrkfkrkngim, thknkvLrkvငniknvthLtvmintvbkvLggrknnkgvဓvthkv‘cሙrkct’vrkniଔvငvtovbkvLchဃvkg. ‘ࠣRnnBLgseengko ,v␆bሂrvM⨈LngvChLမmLnvሓvthkvEirሖkLnvScritဗavCሑmနtkkvሓvthk HሂnkvሓvCሑmሗn,vpဝkkgvipvሗvnሑkvሓvthkvpሐntnvmLgkvbav⨙ሓknnorvCLhဋଥvHkvLgrkkg thLtvthkv‘nሡvcLmpLယnvwLnvrinvbavpଆaဗgvtለpkopଃ'nvfkLrnvLngvbavpkrniLgဗgvthkmvthLt bavvሔဗgv‘nሡvthkavcሂଅvkkkpvthkvbknkfနnvሓvEirሖkvwနhሂtvhLvဗgvtለgဢkvLnathingvbLck. HkvL଄ovgLvkvLnv‘ဗnစkr'n’vLccሂntvሓvhማvthkvpላနဝLsvmLchဗkravဗv᠙innksnvwሙkn, prሢစဗgvLvfLncဗLtingvဗnယhtvဗtovthkvfrLntဝvgkL଄vthLtvwkrkvଐkkଇvtለbkvLgrkkgvဗvthk wkkknvfላ଒wဗgvthkvIrငhvvሔk.vMrvCሗnLrtavL଄ለrLငkgvthkvpሐntvthLtvwkvwဋଈhLvkvtovnkk whkthkrvthkvEirሖkLnvCሂrtvሓvpintဝkvmLkknvrkfkrknckvtovthkvrယhtnvnktvሂtvဗvthkvVrkLtavሓ ␐nbሗvဗvfitirkv⼂ggmkntn.v HkvniggkntkgvthLtvthkrkvwkrkvthrkkvpሄnဣଃvLvkniknvfሙvthkvEUvtለfላ଒w.vVhkvfမntvrkଐkn ሗvthkvnራcLଋkgv passereउe prሢငဒnvwhဝhvinknvLvnantkmvሓvqiLଐfဃgvmL⼒rနavvሔဗgvto pLnnvthkvmkLnirkv–vဗvthငvcLnkvthkvVrkLta.vVhငvሖtဒnvwሂଅvଃLvkvIrkଆngvሂtvሓvthk gkcငဒn-mLkဗgvprምknnvLଔሚkthkr,vthሂghvwሂଅvrLthkrvnkgLtkvthkvcሗntနitဒnLsvpirpሄk ሓvthkvrkfkrkngimvcLrrဃgvሂtvthkrk.vVhkvnkcሗgvwሂଅvbkvLvVrkLtavrkvငဒn,vLଔhሂghvLftkr nkvknvakLrnvሓvnkgሔဆtingvthkv␐nbሗvVrkLtavLngvLvnkrဃnvሓvrLtဓဝLtဒnn,vthငvwLnvinଐkkଇ tovprሢkvpopiଆr.vⴐnLଋa,vLngvthkvmሄtvଐkkଇvሓvthkvniggkntဒnn,vwሂଅvbkvLnvLttkmptvto fဗgvcሗnknninvLmሗgvthkvnLtဒnnvሓvEirሖkvሗvLvwLavtovmሢkvfሙwLrg.v 'gsinllsgLV᠗eLvnlRxssr vሓvCLmbrစgkv⠗ဢkrnနavthknvgLvkvLvthሙሂghvkxLmဗLtဒnvሓ whLtvmယhtvbkv଒ntvnhሂଅvthkvrLtဓဝLtဒnvprምknnvfLဋ.v⤓vthknk,vthkvtwovmሄtvထpሙtLnt wkrkvthkvcሗntititဒnLsvrkntrictirဗgvLngv‘gk-pဋଆrဵLtဒn’vሓvthkv⠗ဒn,vLngvLggrknnဗgvthk gkmምrLtဝvgkfဝနvbavဗcrkLnkgvinkvሓvthkvcራgkcငဒnvprምkgirk,vဗntနitဒnLsvrkfሙm,vLng knhLnckgvnibnစဆrနa.vWနhvrkgLrgvtovthkvnkcሗgvሓvthknkvtwovLထn,vthkvpሐntvwLnvmLgk thLtvnထဋLrvkngnvcሂଅvbkvLchဃvkgvnထpଇvwနhvrkcሂrnkvtovଃgငଆtဒn.vWhဋkvthငvwLnvnሔ pሄnဣଃvwနhvthkvfမntv⨐ଋLr,vLvଆrgkvpLrtvሓvthkvpintဝkvLngvHሑkvAffLမnv⨐ଋLrvcሂଅvbk brሂghtvingkrvVနଃvIVvሓvthkvVrkLtavbavmkLnnvሓvଃgငଆtဒn,vwhဝhvwሂଅvhLvkvthkvgknမkg kffkctvሓvbrဗgဗgvthkvprሢငဒnnvwနhဗvthkv⼂rငgဝtဒnvሓvthkvECp.vInvnhሙt,vnhሂଅvthk VrkLtavbkv଒nt,vnထဋLrvLထnvcLnvntဋsvbkvmktvbavሔhkrvmkLnn. VhkvgငcinnဒnvwLnvbrሂghtvtለLvcሗcଂnဒnvbav 'gsinllsgLLknwnL'nngl vwhሧvfላ଒wဗgvሗ frሑvthkvpሐntvLbሂtvbrဗgဗgvthkvcirrkntvthမgvpဋଆrvwနhဗvthkvfမnt,vLggkgvthLtvthငvwሂଅ L଄ovmkLnvthLtvthkv⠹,vIrkଆngvLngv㨃nmLrkvሖt-ሂtvሓvVနଃvIVvwሂଅvcሗnkqikntଇvLppଇvto thkvprovငဒnnvሗv⼂ntဝkvLngvhሑkvLffLမn,vwhဝhvwሂଅvnሔvhLvkvbkknvthkvcLnkvingkrvthk VrkLtavሓv␐nbሗ.vHማkvkr,vhkvntLtkg,vthkvtrLnnfkrvሓvthမgvpဋଆrvprሢငဒnnvrkqiမknvbሔh inLnထitavLngvrLtဓဝLtဒn.vCሗnစkringvthkvଆckvሓvIrငhvnippሙt,vthkvሗଇvoptဒnvLvLဋLbଃ wሂଅvbkv㬰VvthrሂghvLv passereउe vprሢငဒn.vHማkvkr,vthငvwሂଅvଃLgvMkmbkrvStLtknvto chLngkvCሑminနavcሑpktknckvဗvthငvLrkL,vLvtLnkvfሙvwhဝhvthkv passereउe vcLnnሔvbk inkg.vHknckvthkvVrkLtavnထpଇvcሂଅvnሔvbkvchLngkgvwနhሂtvthkvcሗnkntvሓvIrkଆng.v WနhvrkgLrgvtለwhkthkrvthkvVrkLtavሓv␐nbሗvcሂଅvbkvnLଢLgkg,v⨙ሓknnሙv⨃krnvntLtkgvthLt thkrkvkxငtkgvthrkkvmkLnnvbavwhဝhvthkvVrkLtavmLavbkv‘Lmkngkg’.vAvgkcଆrLtဒnvcሂଅvbk mLgk,vሙvLvgkcငဒnvbavMkmbkrvStLtkn,vሙvLv⨙ሔምላvcሂଅvbkvLggkg.vShሂଅvthငvଆttkr LppsavtለIrkଆngvL଒nk,vthkrkvmLavbkvnለrkLnሗvwhavሔhkrvMkmbkrvStLtknvwሂଅvnkkgvtለrk- rLtဓavthkvVrkLta.vⴂrthkrmሙk,vthkvprሢငဒnnvဗvthkvVrkLtavሓv␐nbሗvnpkcဓaဗgvLvcitvဗvthk nimbkrvሓvCሑmငnဒnkrnvcሂଅvbkvgkଆakgvሙvcLnckଋkgvbavmkLnnvሓvLnvLgrkkmkntvmLgk bkfሙkvVrkLtavrLtဓဝLtဒn.vHማkvkrvthkvnimbkrvሓvCሑmငnဒnkrnvငvtለbkvnkttskg,vthk nimbkrvmint,vLnvntLtkgvဗvthkvVrkLtavሓvNဝk,vbkvଃnnvthLnvthLtvሓvthkvMkmbkrvStLtkn. ⨙ሓknnሙv⨃krnvwkntvሗvtovmLkkvthkvဗtkrkntဗgvpሐntvthLtvnhሂଅvLctဒnvfLဋvtለbkvtLkkn,vL Cሑmငnဒnvkଃctkgvwနhve7vCሑmငnဒnkrnvwሂଅvଐkkଇvtovbkvဗvLଐgvfሙvthkvrkLnonvန cሗtrLvknknvLvVrkLtavprሢငဒn.vWhဋkv⨙ሓknnሙv㨆nhwሒgvଆtkrvgငLgrkkgvሗvthငvpሐnt,vန rkmLဗnvtovbkvnkknvwhkthkrvthငvငvLvvLଐgvcሗckrn,vLngvဗgkkgvwhLtvLctဒnvcሂଅvbkvtLkkn tovcሂntkrvnichvဗgkcငဒn. Vhkvkvknဗg'nvgkbLtkvprህickgvLvthሂghtvprሢokဗgvLngvvLଂLbଃvcሗtrဣitဒnvtለcirrknt gkbLtkvnirrሂngဗgvthkvVrkLtavሓv␐nbሗ,vLngvဗgkkgvthkvfitirkvሓvthkvEirሖkLnv⠗ဒn. ⴂrthkrvfላ଒w-ipvkvkntnvLrkvtለbkvpଆnnkgvLtvthkvInntနitkvchLrtဗgvthkvprሚrknnvሓvthk VrkLtavLngvthkvcሗtဗiဗgvgkvk଒pmkntvሓvthkv⠗ဒn.