sulfur obtained from the residues of the desulfurization of natural gas and oil as fertilizer for productive purposes Muscolo A 1 Mallamaci C 1 Panuccio MR 1 Attinà E 1 ID: 1021361
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1. Using agriculture wastes and sulfur obtained from the residues of the desulfurization of natural gas and oil as fertilizer for productive purposes.Muscolo A1*., Mallamaci C1., Panuccio MR1., Attinà E1., Giovenco R2., Lisciandra L2., Calamarà G.2.1Agriculture Department, Mediterranea University, Feo di Vito, 89124-Reggio Calabria Italy2 SBS Steel Belt Systems s.r.l. – Registered office: Via Roncaglia 14 – 20146 Milan (Italy) – Headquarters and Factory: Via E Mattei, 3 - 21040 Venegono Inf. (VA) Italy
2. Our duty was to help SBS in converting harmful wastes (agricultural and elemental sulfur) in resources, identifying the right size and shape of pastilles for agriculture purpose.This study started in cooperation with SBS an engineering and production company specialized in the design and manufacturing of steel belt systems for continuous industrial processes, pioneers in developing flaking and pastillating units for a wide range of products.
3. Elemental Sulfur (99% S) obtained from the residues of the desulfurization of natural gas and oil is a pollutant for the environment with serious impact on human health. It is, nowadays in a small percentage used in the industrial process to produce sulfuric acid.Olive wastes and orange residues are recalcitrant biomass, pollutant for the environment.
4. Released sulfur requires microbial oxidation to sulfate before plants can take it up. The rate of oxidation is largely governed by the properties of soil and environmental conditions. S is insoluble in water, and to be used for agriculture purpose needs to be mixed with bentonite an inhert clay to form pellet (or pastille). When the clay becomes wet in the soil, it swells and breaks the pellet into many small pieces with a very large reactive surface area releasing sulfur.
5. improving the quality and fertility of alkaline soils in a sustainable way.increasing plant productivity.to use sulfur-bentonite linked to recalcitrant organic matricesThe novelty of this study wasDUAL AIM
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7. Pastilles were developed from mixtures of 10% sodium bentonite clay with elemental sulfur.The more suitable shape and size for the pastilles were chosen.
8. The pastilles of sulfur bentonite were linked with agriculture wastesElemental S+PastillesDried olive residuesDried orange residuesBentonite
9. Experiment with soil Alkaline sandy-loam soils, in pots, have been amended with sulfur-bentonite + orange waste “A”; sulfur-bentonite + olive waste “B”, sulfur -bentonite “C” at the concentration of 0.88 g l-1. Not amended soil was used as control.Soil in pots was regularly watered to maintain 70% of field capacity and 2 months after treament, soil chemical and biological parameters were detected.
10. TreatmentTexturepHEC ( µS )CaCO3 %OM%N‰FDAMBCControlSL8.4a200111.49c0.28 d42b842dASL6.8d437101.68a0.50a46a1245aBSL7.2c419101.63ab0.33b44a1007bCSL7.6b485101.58a0.30c43b890cSoil chemical and biochemical parameters 2 months after treatmentRESULTS
11. Experiments with plants:In vitro: test of phytotoxicity, in petri dishes in growth chamber (red onion and bean)2) In pots: phenotypic and growth test, in glass house (red onion, bean and cayenne red pepper).In Vitro experiments Germination in petri dishes in growth chamber at 25°C and 70% humidity (red onion and bean) with sulfur-bentonite + orange waste “A”; sulfur-bentonite + olive waste “B”; sulfur -bentonite “C” at the concentrations of 1.66; 1.32; 0.88; 0.44; 0.22; 0.11 g l-1 and control “distilled water.”
12. Red OnionTreatmentGermination%RadiclecmShootcmControlwater1001.5f3.0e0.111003.2b4.2bA0.221004.5a4.3b0.441004.6a4.4 b0.881004.7a 4.7 a1.32802.0c 2.9d1.66681.4d2.9dB0.11902.2°3.7c0.221002.5d3.7c0.441003.0c3.7c0.881003.5b3.8c1.32761.9c3.5d1.66611.5f3.0e C0.111000.9h1.6f0.221001.2g1.6f0.441000.8i1.6f0.881000.8i1.6f1.32500.8i 1.2g1.66350.8i1.0hIn VITRORESULTS
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14. BeanTreatmentGermination%RadiclecmShootcmControlwater808.5i2.5gA0.11 10016°3.8e 0.2210019c7b0.4410022b7b0.8810024a9a1.329022b0.81.668518d0B0.1110019c2.0h0.2210019c2.5g0.4410019c2.5g0.8810024a4.5d 1.329524a4.0e1.669022b3.8e C0.1110014f3.5f0.2210018d4.0e0.4410018d4.5d0.8810021b6.5c1.327011g2.5g1.66629.5h0
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16. Pot experimentsPhenotypic and growth measurements, in pots with alkaline soil, fertilized with sulfur-bentonite + orange waste “A”; sulfur-bentonite + olive waste “B”; sulfur -bentonite “C” at the concentrations of 0.88 g l-1 and control “not ammended” (red onion, bean and chili pepper). The plants were regularly watered to maintain 70% of field capacity.
17. TreatmentPlant height cmLeaf number Fruit lengthcmFruit diameter cmControl38c5b4.6d3.1cA46a6a6.3a4.4aB38c5b5.6b3.5bC41b5b5.0c3.4bPhenotypic and growth parameters of red onion 3 months after treatment (A, B, C) with respect to control (not treated) number in the same column followed by different letters are statistically different p ≤0.05POT RESULTS
18. CABControl
19. ABCControl
20. TreatmentPlant height cmLeaf number Flower numberFruit numberControl15c5d1c2cA18b10b3b5bB20a14a8a10aC16c7c2c5bPhenotypic and growth parameters of bean 3 months after treatment (A,B, C) with respect to control (not treated) number in the same column followed by different letters are statistically different p ≤0.05
21.
22. TreatmentPlant heightcmLeaf numberFlower numberFruit numberFruit lengthcmControl26c*30b2c1d0.3dA32a43a4a4a8aB30b33b3b3b6bC27c33b3b2c3cPhenotypic and growth parameters of cayenna red pepper 3 months after treatment (A, B, C) with respect to control (not treated). Number in the same column followed by different letters are statistically different p ≤0.05
23. CBAControl
24. The performance of the fertilized plants was evaluated by assessing the photosynthetic efficiency in respect to control (no treated plants) by using IMAGING-PAM CHLOROPHYLL FLUOROMETER System.FV/FM = reaction centre acivity in the PSIICControlBA
25. SpeciesTreatmentFFmF0YIIY(NPQ)NPQYNOqNqPqLETRInhFv/FmRed pepperControl0.1470.2220.1530.3100.3140.2190.3640.8590.940.91100.150.310A0.1420.2890.1500.5920.2040.2040.2710.6981.0000.95150.170.680B0.1270.2260.1200.5460.1800.2190.3210.7690.940.93130.130.470C0.1820.3010.1990.3940.3110.2420.2650.8160.940.83120.140.338beanControl0.1070.1570.0810.3910.3180.2890.2220.3800.890.7615-0.280.484A0.1290.2630.0940.5320.2720.1960.1960.6590.950.8716-0.220.640B0.0780.1900.0670.5530.2980.1820.1490.8040.910.8517-0.280.647C0.0820.1800.0780.5660.2140.1940.2200.6750.920.8615-0.180.560Red onionControl0.0750.1820.0990.5880.3580.2510.2550.6630.950.9013-0.020.456A0.1430.3210.1200.5930.1570.1300.2500.4520.950.8917-0.050.626B0.1200.3020.1200.4910.2670.1020.2400.5510.920.9016-0.050.602C0.6010.2460.1300.5020.3040.0950.1940.3140.690.6514-0.050.471
26. pHECµS cm-1WSPµg tannic acid/lNa+mg/lNH4+mg/lK+mg/lMg++mg/lCa++mg/lA6.5951107 16nd3.24.6ndB6.8106738260.64.03.1ndC7.5148ndndndndndndChemical characteristics of sulfur-bentonite + orange waste “A”, sulfur-bentonite + olive waste “B” and sulfur-bentonite “C”
27. ConclusionThe results evidenced a relationship and a specificity between the species and the type of sulfur-bentonite used.The effects at seed stage may be different from those at the establishment and growth of the seedling.Waste material, both agricultural and industrial, represents a resource for the recovery of saline and alkaline soils and an additional incoming for the agricultural sector.Sulfur bentonite is a corrective-nutritional fertilizer, whose unique formulation in pastilles of 2-4-mm allows the easy distribution and quick disintegration in soil, either in open field or in localized form. The easy disintegration allows a rapid correction of the soil pH improving the cultivability of alkaline and saline soils in short time. The lowering of the pH value in the area of root development facilitates mobility and absorption of other nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The addition of agricultural wastes to sulfur bentonite, particularly of orange waste, improves the fertilizer effects of sulfur-bentonite.
28. WORK IN PROGRESSAnalysis of nutraceutical properties of: Red onion (sulphur and phenolic compounds; vitamins)Bean ( proteins; vitamins; minerals)Red chili pepper (vitamins, minerals and phyto-nutrients)
29.