M. Егорова Институт Лингвистики РГГУ - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

M. ЕгороваИнститут Лингвистики РГГУО семантике показателей ‘степени достоверности’ , или эвиденциалов, в эвенкийском языке

По данным говоров Иркутской области

16. 10. 2019

Slide2

Международная конференция «Документирование языков и диалектов коренных малочисленных народов России»

16. 10. 2019

Slide3

Evenki languageOne of the minor languages of Russia

Slide4

[Nedjalkov 1997]Evenki (Evedy turen, lit. ‘the Evenki language’; or Iledy turen, ‘human language’) is one of eight Tungusic languages spoken in Siberia and the Far East of Asiatic Russia.

Evenki is spoken in almost all parts of Siberia: from the Ob

and Enisei

regions in the west to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea and the island of Sakhalin in the east, and from the regions in the vicinity of the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Amur river in the south.

Several

thousand Evenkis

live in northern China.

Slide5

Altaic LanguagesThe Tower of Babel Project http://starling.rinet.ru/

Slide6

Manchu-Tungus languagesthe map provided by Dr. phil. İhsan Yılmaz Bayraktarlı via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages

Slide7

Evenki dialectsThere are three main language variants or sets of dialects which are further subdivided into approximately fifty dialects.[Nedjalkov 1997]The Evenki language is characterized by vast dialectical variation: the three main dialect groups can be broken down into a total of 51 recognized distinct dialects. The Evenki language is divided into dialect groups according to the distribution of [s] and [h].

[

Bulatova

, Grenoble 1999]

The

map

of Evenki dialects ©

Yuri

Koryakov

http

://lingvarium.org/

Slide8

Slide9

[Plungian 2011]Evenki belongs to the languages of the Northern Siberia and Eurasia’s circumpolar zone.“As one can see, an intense typological study of these systems has started only during the past years. Unfortunately, it is accompanied by a similarly intense loss of these languages, which results in a destruction of grammatical systems and a complete or partial loss of the category of evidentiality with the younger generation of speakers”.

Slide10

Evenki as an endangered languageSome data

Slide11

Data from [Tsumagari et al. 2007]Table 20.1 shows an estimated number of Tungusic speakers, the total population of each ethnic group (an approximation based on the

census

of 1989 for the Russian Tungus and 1990 for the Chinese side), and a tentative evaluation for the category of language endangerment.

Slide12

In 1991 Evenki was not yet viewed as an endangered language. [Kibrik 1991] doesn’t include it in the list of endangered languages of Russia. In [Kazakevich,

Kibrik

2005] Evenki is described as

unstable

.

Field data obtained during the last decade

within the framework of the project

Siberian Lang

reveals that Evenki is no more being passed to children as the first language.

Slide13

Siberian Lang: Minority Languages of Siberia as our cultural heritagehttp://siberian-lang.srcc.msu.ru/

Slide14

E. G.: data collected in the settlement of Yerbogachen in summer 2016

Language(s

) spoken in childhood (preschool age

), according

age cohorts

Slide15

YerbogachenKatangsky District, Irkutsk

Oblast

Slide16

Evidentiality in EvenkiAccording to Descriptive Grammars

Slide17

Evidentials are used when the speaker infers that an action will probably occur; the suffix -rka- is most often found. A second suffix, -rgu:-, is used when the action is assessed as

likely to occur

with an additional shade of

habituality

.

[

Bulatova

,

Grenoble 

1999

: 38

]

There

are three

suffixes (

-

nA

,

-rkA

and

–

rgu

) expressing the

degree of certainty

with which the speaker makes an assertion. Forms in

–nA

express probability of a situation which either takes place in the present or took place recently, forms in

-

rkA

express probability of a situation which

might have taken place in the past, forms in

–rgu

express

probability of a situation which

takes place habitually.

[

Nedjalkov

 

199

7 : 265]

Slide18

Probabilistic mood [Наклонение вероятности]:Sā-nā-s

tar

ətirkən

-

mə

know-EV-2SG that

old.man-ACC

Вы, наверное, знаете этого старика.

‘You probably know that old man’.

Əsī

d’ā

-

l

-

li

dīl

ə̅

girku

-

d’a

-

nā

-

rə

-



,

now friend-PL-2SG.POSS taiga

.

LOC walk-IMPF-EV-PRES-3PL

sinə

gələktə

-

d’ə

-

n

ə̅

-

rə

-



you.ACC

look.for-IMPF-EV-PRES-3PL

Сейчас твои друзья, наверно, ходят по тайге, ищут, наверно, тебя.

‘Your friends must be wandering through the taiga searching for you’.

[

Константинова

1964]

Slide19

Field ResearchExpedition to the Evenki of Irkutsk Oblast 2018http://circumpolar.iling-ran.ru/

Slide20

Slide21

Our purposes:to find out if the evidential markers are still used by Evenki speakers;and if so, to ascertain what meanings they can convey.Our informants:one male speaker of the Tokma

-

Upper

Lena

dialect (born in 1948; born in

Tokma

;

lives in

Tokma

);

two female speakers of the

Yerbogachen

dialect (born in 1930 and 1985, respectively; the first one was born

and raised

up in

Nakanno

, the second one was born

in

Teteya

and spent her early childhood there; both of them now live in

Yerbogachen

).

Our stimulus material

:

a questionnaire based on the classification of evidential meanings provided by [

Plungian

2001], [

Plungian

2011]

,

and examples from

[

Konstantinova

1964

].

Slide22

Questionnaire: A. Presumptive & Inferential Meanings1. Кто-то идёт. / Кто-то тебя зовёт. Наверное, тебя ищут.

Someone

is coming

.

/

Someone is calling you.

They must be looking for you.

2.

Уже стемнело. Мать, должно быть, тебя ищет.

The night has fallen. Your mother must be looking for you.

 

3

.

Мясо, должно быть, сварилось.

The meat must have cooked.

4.

Мотора

нет на месте. Должно быть, украли

.

The motor isn’t in its place. Someone must have stolen it.

5

.

На

дереве кора объедена

.

/

Ветка хрустнула

.

Должно быть, лось прошёл.

The

bark of this tree is gnawed

. /

A twig crackle

d

.

A moose must have passed by.

6.

Весь

ягель съеден. Должно быть, тут была стоянка.

The

reindeer moss is eaten up. There must have been a camp.

7.

Весь

ягель съеден. Они, наверное, перекочевали.

The

reindeer moss is eaten up. They must have moved away.

Slide23

Questionnaire: B. Hearsay & ‘Gut Feeling’8. Говорят, они откочевали.

The

rumour

is, they moved away

.

9. Иду

я по тайге. Чувствую, будто кто-то смотрит. Я понял(а), что это зверь.

While

going through the taiga I felt that someone was staring at me. I realized that it was a beast/ a game

.

*

*

Russian

zver’

can designate both ‘predatory beast’ and ‘game’. Our informants, however, strongly preferred the second meaning, so as not to make the whole sentence sound dangerous.

Slide24

Questionnaire: C. Mirative Meanings10. Иду я по тайге. Вдруг вижу — лось /

медведь.

 

Я

очень

удивился / испугался.

While

going through the taiga I

suddenly

s

aw a moose / a bear. I was very

surprised / frightened.

1

1

.

Надо

же, как быстро вскипела вода

!

Look at that! They water’s boiled so soon!

Slide25

Questionnaire: D. Assumption about future events 15. Кости ноют. Видно, будет дождь. It is going to rain, I guess.

I feel it in my bones

.

16. Тучи собираются. Видно, будет дождь.

It

is going to rain,

I guess.

Clouds are gathering.

Slide26

[Kazakevich et al. 2019]

Slide27

Results

Slide28

Out of three suffixes, -nĀ, -rkA and –rgu, our speakers prefer –nĀ

.

They tend to use it for presumptive meaning (I-II), inferential meaning (IV-V) and ‘gut feeling’ (III).

I.

Tokma

-Upper Lena

dialect

&

Yerbogachen

dialect

Ullə

ir

-

n

ə̅

-

n.

meat cook-EV-3SG

The meat must have cooked

.

II

.

Tokma

-Upper Lena

dialect &

Yerbogachen

dialect

Motor

d’av

-

dū

āčin.

D’oromo

-

nō

-

r

o

.

motor

boat-DAT

absent

steal-EV-3Pl

The motor

isn’t in

the boat.

Someone must have stolen it.

III.

Tokma

-Upper Lena dialect

Bi a

gī

-

lī

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m

.

I taiga-PROL walk-IMPF-PRES-1SG

M

ə

d

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m

ēkun

min

ə

i

čə

t-t

’ə

-r

ə

-n

.

feel

-

IMPF-PRES-1SG someone

me.ACC

look-IMPF-PRES-3SG

Bi

tili

-



-

m

b

ə

j

ū

n bi-

n

ə̅

-

n

.

I understand-PRES-1SG moose be-EV-3SG

While going through the taiga I felt that someone was staring at me. I realized that it was

a moose.

Slide29

IV. Yerbogachen dialect Gara kapurga

-

r

a-

n.

Bəj

ū

n

əmə-

n

ə̅

-

n

.

twig crackle-AOR-3 SG moose go-EV-3SG

A

twig crackle

d

. A moose

must

be passing

by.

V.

Yerbogachen

dialect

M

ō

-d

ū

ə

r

ə

kt

ə

d

’ə

p

ə

-

p

-č

ə

.

B

ə

jūn

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

n

ə̅

-

n

.

tree-DAT bark eat-PASS-P.ANT

Moose go-EV-3SG

The bark of

the tree

is

gnawed. A

moose must have passed by.

Suffix

-

rkA

‘evidentiality in

the

past’ was met only once (VI).

VI.

Tokma

-Upper Lena

dialect

Lalbuka

-l

upkat

d

’ə

p

ə

-v-

čə

-l

.

reindeer.moss

-PL all eat-PASS-P.ANT-PL

Ed

ū

il

ə

-l

ur

ī

n

čə

-

rk

ə

-

l

.

DEM-DAT man-PL live.in.a.camp-EV.PAST-3PL

The reindeer moss is eaten up. There must have been a camp.

Slide30

Epistemic valueVII a. Yerbogachen dialect Mō-dū ə

r

ə

kt

ə

d

’ə

p

ə

-

p

-č

ə

.

B

ə

jūn

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

n

ə̅

-

n

.

tree-DAT

bark eat-PASS-P.ANT

moose

go-EV-3SG

The bark of the tree is gnawed. A moose must have passed by.

VII b.

Tokma

-Upper Lena dialect

Mari-l d

’ə

p

ə

-

v-

čə

-l

.

M

ō

t

ī

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

čə

-

n

.

birch.tree

-PL

eat-pass-PART-PL

moose go-PAST-3SG

The bark of the tree is gnawed. A moose

passed

by

.

For VII b:

Informant

: «

The birch trees are

gnawed

.

A moose passed here

».

Linguist

: «

You mean, probably

?»

—

Informant

: «

No, not probably

.

For sure

».

Slide31

VII a and VII b above constitute a ‘minimal pare’ which shows a contrast between high and low degree of probability,compare also VIII a and VIII b:

VIII

a.

Tokma

-Upper Lena dialect

Bi a

gī

-

lī

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m

.

I taiga-PROL walk-IMPF-PRES-1SG

M

ə

d

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m

ēkun

feel

-

IMPF-PRES-1SG someone

min

ə

i

čə

t-t

’ə

-r

ə

-n

.

me.ACC

look-IMPF-PRES-3SG

Bi tili--m I understand-PRES-1SG bəjūn bi-nə̅-n.moose be-EV-3SG

VIII

b

.

Tokma

-Upper Lena dialect

Bi a

gī

-

lī

ŋ

ə

n

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m.

I taiga-PROL

walk-IMPF-PRES-1SG

M

ə

d

ə

-

d’ə

-



-

m

ēkun

feel

-

IMPF-PRES-1SG

someone

min

ə

i

čə

t-t

’ə

-r

ə

-n

.

me.ACC

look-IMPF-PRES-3SG

Bi

tili

-



-

m

I understand-PRES-1SG

b

ə

j

ū

n

bi-

hi

-

n

.

moose

be-PRES-3SG

Slide32

Epistemic valueInformant:I use binən

when I suppose that there must be a moose nearby, and

bihin

when I can see it with my own eyes.

Thus, “evidential” suffix –

nV

, in addition to expressing presumptive or inferential meaning, has a

shade of

epistemicity

.

Quotative

(IX) and

mirative

(X-XI) meanings, as well as

assumptions

about future

events (XII-XIII), are expressed by the indicative mood.

Slide33

INFERENTIAL VALUE:ASSUMPTION, DOUBTБи так хинэ э̄чэ̄в ханӈӯктача̄в, гӯчал: «Наверное, нуӈан

Наташа

би

-

нэ̄

-

н

».

Perhaps

3SG Natasha

be-EV-3PL

Я про тебя это, спросила, сказали

:

«

Наверное, она – Наташа

».

А̄чир

би

-

нэ̄

-

рэ

,

ин

-

де

-

нэ̄

-

рэ

-вэл,

э

-

нэ̄

-

рэ

-вэл,

NEG.PL be-EV-3PL live-IMPF-EV-3PL-if NEG-EV-3PL-if

эчэв ха̄рэ.

Нет

ли

(их),

живут ли

,

нет ли

, я не знаю.

Slide34

INFERENTIAL VALUE:CONCLUSIONБи ичэдем: оӈоктон багдамача, белый полоса, багдама. Я вижу: у него нос побелел, белая полоса.И

би

дёнэм:

это

тар

би

-

но̄

-

н

,

And I remember.1SG it that be-EV-3SG

Василий токтохичо̄н оӈоктовон абачӣ.

И

я вспомнил:

это, наверное,

тот

медведь

, нос которого рубил Василий.

Slide35

ASSUMPTIONТоже нимӈака̄нли, э̄кунли. Нуӈартын г̄ниӈкӣтын: чипича̄ Киӈгит. Ну а миткит, наверное, биркэ хэгды самолёт или НЛО. Тоже сказка ли или что. Они говорили: птица Кингит. Ну а по-нашему, наверное, большой самолет или НЛО.

А нонон раньше гуниӈкӣтын: Киӈгит, чипича̄

будто бы

хэлэмэкэ̄кун.

А

раньше говорили:

Кингит

,

будто бы

железная птица. 

Slide36

ASSUMPTION ABOUT PAST EVENTSГӯндем: «Наверное, тар НЛО

би

-

ркэ

,

say.IMPF.1SG probably that UFO be-EV.PAST.3SG

авады-вал тарелка».

Говорю: «

Наверное,

это была какая-нибудь тарелка».

Нуӈан

гӯндерэн:

«Ну,

наверное

,

би

-

ркэ

.

3SG say.IMPF.AOR.3SG well

probably be-EV.PAST.3SG

Она

говорит: «Ну,

наверное

».

Slide37

CONCLUSION ABOUT PAST EVENTSИчэм: ой, тэгэтчэрэн. Увидела: ой, сидит.Видно, амун-

дя

-

рка

.

apparently defecate-IMPF-EV.PAST.3SG

Видимо

, он испражняется.

Потому

что

эчэ хуктыллэ мунтыкӣ.

Потому

что не побежал к нам.

Slide38

QuotativesIX a. Tokma-Upper Lena dialect Gūn

-

d’ə

-

rə

-



nuŋartin

nulg

ī-

hi

n-

čə

-

l.

say-IMPF-PRES-3PL they

move.away

-INCH-P.ANT-PL

People say, they moved away.

IX b.

Yerbogachen

dialect

Gūn

-d

’ə

-r

ə

-



nu

ŋ

artin

nulgī

-

čə

-tin

.

say-IMPF-PRES-3PL

they

move.away-PAST-3PL

People say, they moved away.

Slide39

MirativesX. Yerbogachen dialect Kaŋkit huju

-

r

a-

n

mū

!

quickly boil-AOR-3SG water

They water’s boiled so soon!

XI.

Tokma

-Upper Lena

dialect

Agī

-

lī

əmə

-

d’ə

-

-

m.

i

čə

-

d’ə

-

-

m

—

mōtī

.

taiga-PROL

go-IMPF-PRES-1SG see-IMPF-PRES-1SG moose

While going through the taiga I [

suddenly

] s

aw a

moose.

Slide40

Mirativity vs ImperfectivityИчэм: ой, тэгэтчэ-рэ-н.

see-1SG oh seat-AOR-3SG

Увидела

: ой, сидит.

Дявит аяннадям

,

ичихинем:

Лодкой переправляюсь, вижу

:

олдон

-

дӯ

э̄кун

бабай

мин

-

тыкӣ

эв

-

дя

-

рэ

-

н

.

bank-DAT what bear 1SG-ALL.PROL go.down-IMPF-AOR-3SG

у самого берега ко мне медведь спускается

.

Эвдярэн

минтыкӣ, минэ эпкӣ ичэрэ.

Спускается

ко мне, меня не увидел.

Slide41

Mirativity vs ImperfectivityПотом ичэхинем: ӈинакин бираклӣ ӈэнэдеран. Откуда ӈинакин? Ичэӈнэм: хулакӣ!

Потом

вижу: собака вдоль реки

идёт

.IMPF

. Откуда

собака?

Вижу

.DUR

:

лисица

!

Ичэ

ӈнэ

м

ха̄дӯн телевизордӯ э̄курва, нӣнун алагӯвдечэл.

Вижу

.HAB

иногда

по телевизору кого-то, с кем учились.

Slide42

Assumptions about future eventsXII. Tokma-Upper Lena dialect Giramna

-

l

-

vī

ənū

-

d’ə

-

rə

-



.

Udu

n-

d’

ā-n

.

bone-PL-1SG.POSS

ache-IMPF-PRES-3PL rain-FUT2-3SG

It is going to

rain.

I feel it in my bones.

XIII

.

Tokma

-Upper Lena dialect

Tukšə

-

l

əmə

-

d’ə

-

rə

-



.

Udu

n-

d’

a

ŋ

ā

-

n.

cloud-PL

come-IMPF-PRES-3PL

rain-FUT1-3SG

It is going to

rain. Clouds are gathering.

Slide43

Anderson 1986

Slide44

ConclusionsAccording to our data, speakers use ‘evidential’ markers to express presumptive and inferential values. –nĀ turned out to be the most frequently used ‘evidential’ suffix.

–

nĀ

has

a clear shade

of

epistemicity

.

These results stay in line with the description provided in

[Nedjalkov

1997

]

, but differ slightly from that

provided

in

[Bulatova, Grenoble 1999]

.

So, we can

conclude that Evenki provides an example of a so-called

modalized

evidential system

[Plungian 2001

]

,

[

Nicolova

2007]

Slide45

AbbreviationsACC  AccusativeANT  AnteriorityAOR  Aorist

DAT



Dative

DEM



Demonstrative

EV



Evidential

FUT1

 Future 1, according

[Bulatova, Grenoble 1999]

FUT2



Future

2,

according

[Bulatova, Grenoble 1999]

IMPF



Imperfective

INCH

 Inchoative

LOC



Locative

P



Participle

PASS



Passive

PAST



Past

PRES



Presence

POSS



Possessive

PROL



Prolative

Slide46

References[Anderson 1986] — Anderson, Lloyd B.

Evidentials, Paths of Change, and Mental Maps: Typologically Regular

Asymmetries // Chafe, Wallace & Nichols, Johanna (

Eds

.). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwood:

Ablex

, 1986.

[Kibrik 1991]

—

Кибрик

 

А

.

 

Е

. Проблема исчезающих языков в бывшем СССР // А.

 

Е.

 

Кибрик. Очерки по общим и прикладным вопросам языкознания. М.: Издательство Московского университета,

1991

.

[Kazakevich, Kibrik 2005]

—

Казакевич

 

О

.

 

А

.,

Кибрик

 

А

.

 

Е

. Малые языки на постсоветском пространстве

 

// А.

 

Е.

 

Кибрик (ред.). Малые языки и традиции: существование на грани. Вып. 1. М.: Новое издательство,

2005

.

[

Kazakevich

et al.

20

19

]

О

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