Chapter 12 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Primary Function Remains on the lookout for foreign invaders that can cause infection and disease Parts of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels ID: 779613
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Slide1
Slide2Lesson 12.1
The Lymphatic System
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Slide3Primary FunctionRemains on the
lookout for foreign invaders that can cause infection and disease.Parts of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid (lymph)lymphatic organsLymph nodesSpleen
The Lymphatic System
Slide4The Lymphatic System
d. Cells that fight infectionDevelop within, and
travel
through, the organs and vessels of the lymphatic system.
Slide5Begins with the fluid that leaks out of blood vessel capillaries - about 4 liters per day
Enters the space between the cells and is known as interstitial fluid
3. Lymph Formation and Flow
Slide6c. Adult body only contains about
3 liters of blood plasmad. Must be a way for this fluid to return to circulatory
system.
e. Some of it enters lymphatic capillariesf. The fluid is now called lymph3. Lymph Formation and Flow
Slide7g. Returns to circulatory system through lymphatic
trunks located in various parts of the body.h. Lymph rejoins the blood via
the
lymphatic duct & the thoracic duct again becoming blood plasma.3. Lymph Formation and Flow
Slide8Thoracic ductdrains legs
, abdominopelvic area, left arm, and left side of the head and thorax Right lymphatic duct
drains
right arm, right side of head, and right side of the thorax 4. Lymph Drainage
Slide94. Lymph Drainage
Slide10Lymphocytes
Created in bone marrowT lymphocytes (T cells) mature in thymus
gland of the neck
B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in bone marrow; aka natural killer cells (NK)5. Lymphatic Cells
Slide11b. Macrophages
begin as white blood cells called monocytes
leave lymphatic tissue
to enter surrounding tissue; at this point they develop into macrophages that surround and destroy foreign cells and substances.Help to activate T cells 5. Lymphatic Cells
Slide12Present in mucous membranes and certain organs
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)Keeps lymphocytes ready and waiting to stop invaders
Includes/found in:
TonsilsLymphatic nodulesAreas of small intestineAppendix6. Lymphatic Tissues
Slide13lymph nodes
cleanse lymphstore and produce T and B cells
7. Lymphatic Organs
Slide14Answer True or False for the following statements.
1. The spleen is a lymphatic organ.2. Lymphocytes are created in the pancreas. False
3. Lymphatic trunks help to return fluid to the circulatory system.
True4. T-cells are also known as Natural Killer Cells False / B-lymphocytesReview and Assessment
True
Slide15Lesson 12.2
Nonspecific Defenses
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Slide16Physical barriers (skin)
Cellular and chemical defensesPhagocytes (cells that engulf &
destroy
foreign matter)NK cells (recognize & destroy abnormal cells)Antimicrobial proteins (over 30 proteins circulating through the bloodstream that work together to destroy foreign substances)Interferons – proteins that have been
infected with viruses; help cells in the infected area resist viral infection.
12.2 Nonspecific Defenses
Slide173. Inflammatory responseOccurs
when tissues have been injured by bacteria, toxins, etc.Speeds up tissue repair & boosts bodies ability to fight infection
Signs
of inflammatory response include heat, swelling, redness, and pain of the affected areaNonspecific Defenses
Slide18Steps in the inflammation Process:
tissue damage occursintracellular contents are released from damaged cells into interstitial fluid
mast cells release histamine
and other inflammatory chemicalsblood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, capillary permeability increasesclot formation occursscar tissue forms
, replacement cells grow
The Development of Inflammation
Slide19The Inflammation Process
Slide202. Fever Maintenance of body temp at a higher-than-normal level.
Increases the rate of biochemical reactions in the cells thus increasing the immune response.
Nonspecific Defenses
Slide21Choose from the following to answer the questions below: skin, fever, phagocytes, interferons, histamines
Proteins released as a result of a viral infection. Interferons2. Released as part of the inflammation process.
Histamines3. Increases the rate of biochemical reactions in the body. Fever4. Engulf and destroy cells. Phagocytes
Review and Assessment
Slide22Lesson 12.3
Specific Defenses
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Slide23AntigensImmune system cells
Humoral immunityPrimary and secondary immune responsesSpecific Defenses
Slide24Located on the
surface of cellsExamples include proteins, polysaccharides,
glycolipids
, and nucleic acidsdetermine “self” from “nonself” cellsMakes it possible for the immune system to recognize foreign cells and
respond by producing antibodies
1. Antigens
Slide25lymphocytes
Recognize only one antigenWhen they do meet their antigen, the lymphocyte divides
repeatedly
making multiple copies of itself. This is known as clonal selectionA few of these cloned cells remain in the lymphatic tissues ready to respond if needed in the future These are known as
memory cells
2. Immune System Cells
Slide26Aka antibody-mediated immunity
– effective against pathogens located outside the cellsAntibodies Specialized proteins also called
immunoglobulins
Recognize, bind to, and mark antigensInterfere with antigen function & mark the antigens for destruction.3. Humoral Immunity
Slide273. Humoral Immunity
Slide28Primary immune response
When first exposed to a foreign invader like a virus or bacteriumResponse may be very slow & limited
Secondary immune response
Occurs when a virus or bacterium enters the body a subsequent timememory cells respond to invaderResponse is stronger Reason vaccinations work
4. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Slide29c. Active immunityAntibody-mediated immunity
Antibodies are actively produced by the blood plasma cells of the body
d. Passive immunity
Comes from antibodies received from an outside source such as:VaccinationBreast milk4. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
Slide30Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, lymphocytes or vaccination.
A(n) _______________ is passive immunity.2. _______________ are also called immunoglobulins.
3. Lymphocytes recognize only one ____________.
4. _______________ are part of the secondary immune response. Review and Assessment
vaccination
Antibodies
antigen
Memory cells
Slide31Lesson 12.4
Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Slide32Cancer and lymph nodesAllergies
Autoimmune disordersHIV and AIDS Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System
Slide33Rapid, unregulated
cell growth because cell division controls failMetastasis
Occurs when
cancerous cells spread throughout the bodyThe cells spread by entering lymphatic vessels and traveling through lymph to nearest lymph nodeCancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes and continue growing1. Cancer and Lymph Nodes
Slide34An inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen like mold, ragweed, etc.
Exposure to allergen causes an immune response & release of histamineHistamine causes allergy symptoms
- runny nose, itchy eyes,
anaphylaxis2. Allergies
Slide35AnaphylaxisA severe allergic reaction
that can lead to death; airways swell and become obstructed;
treated with epinephrine
(epi-pens)Immunotherapy – long-term use of allergy shots aimed at preventing allergic reactions; goal is to build up an immune system tolerance for specific antigens. 2. Allergies
Slide362. Allergies
Slide37Condition in which the immune system attacks your own body
Cause unclear; possibly a genetic link or exposure to environmental toxins
More than 80 different types; examples:
Rheumatoid arthritisMultiple sclerosisType I diabetes3. Autoimmune Disorders
Slide38Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) The virus that infects and kills helper T cells
; can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)AIDS helper T cell count falls below 200/mm
3
immune system seriously weakenedpatient is susceptible to opportunistic infection 4. HIV and AIDS
Slide39Slide40HIV